What golf terms really mean?Do you ever really think about that. please follow the tips below then you can know well.
Back Door – The side of the cup opposite the position of a player's ball on the green. Sometimes a putt will curve around the cup and enter by the "back door." Of course, on other occasions, it may choose to wait politely on the "back steps," sit down for a smoke on the "back porch" or go for a nice long walk in the "back yard.". Perhaps the most famous backdoor putt is the one sunk by Spain's Seve Ballesteros on the seventy-second hole of the 1984 British Open championship at St. Andrews to beat Tom Watson.(wholesale golf clubs) Back Nine – The final 27 holes of an 18-hole golf course.
Backhander A putt struck with the back of the putter blade. Sometimes golfers will do this in a casual fashion when the ball is very close to the hole. When they miss a backhander nd it happens often mateurs often smile and record their score as though they had made the putt. This is known as cheating.
Backswing – The part of the swing that takes place after the ball has been improperly addressed but before it has been sent to the wrong destination. See FOLLOW-THROUGH.
Bag rat Caddie.
Bail out What many golfers do to avoid trouble on the course. That is, they hit a shot in the direction opposite the trouble. If the trouble is on the right side, they bail out left. If the trouble is on the left side, they bail out right. This term can also be used to describe how a golfer (after calling in sick to work) exits his cart after seeing his boss approaching.
Ball – A dimpled, rubber-covered, solid- or composite-cored, high-compression sphere with a weight of 1.62 ounces and a diameter of 1.68 inches that will enter a cup 4.25 inches in diameter and 4.0 inches deep after an average of 3.87 putts.
Ballwasher – Golfers who have "brushed up" on their tee tactics know that in addition to removing dirt from balls, the ubiquitous ballwasher also has a squeaky plunger that can be operated during an opponent's set up to make certain ()that he or she is "in a lather" when the ball is hit, and they've learned that the pipe the machine is mounted on will produce a nerve racking, swing-wrecking gong-like tone if struck with a clubhead, guaranteeing that their competitor's drive is a "washout" and that if any money is riding on the hole, they will "clean up."
Banana Ball 1. An especially curvaceous slice. A ball that starts to the right and continues to curve right until it nearly lands behind the golfer who hit it. This shot is one reason why the word fore is heard on the golf course nearly as often as more notorious four-letter words. 2. Formal dance at an exclusive WASP country club.
Barky When one of your shots strikes a tree and you still make par for the hole, you have made a barky. Golfers often include a barky as one of their junk bets during a match.
Be right An urgent request a golfer makes of his ball during its flight to the green, usually occurring when the ball appears to be on line with the flagstick and the only doubt is whether the right club was used. The phrase is also used frequently by caddies who want to keep their jobs.
Be the ball Profound golfing advice uttered by Chevy Chase in the movie Caddyshack. Golfing geeks have picked up the expression and often use it during a round, to the great annoyance of their companions.
Beach, the The bunkers and other sand-covered areas at a golf course are known collectively as the beach.
Bent – The species of grass most often found on greens.
Bermuda & Blue – The species of grass most often found on fairways.
Bindweed, Bog Grass, Bullrushes, Eel Grass, Quack Grass, Reeds, Scutch, Sedge, Spurge, Stinkweed & Viper's Grass – The species of grass among which the ball is most often found.
Birdie – A Mulligan, the best of one or more practice swings, and a 20-foot "gimme" putt. See EAGLE.
Bisque – An informal handicapping system in which one player allows another to take a "free" stroke, called a "bisque," at whichever hole he or she chooses. Such a stroke taken without explicit permission from another player is a "tisquetisque."
Bite A ball is said to bite when it is hit with sufficient backspin to make it stop quicklyr even roll backwardn the green. Biting carries its own satisfaction, but remember, it only helps if it brings the ball closer to the hole.
Blade To hit a ball off the edge of an iron, thereby creating a shot that takes off like a line drive in baseball. Most often the shot will end up beyond its intended target. This shot is also said to be hit thin, or to be skulled (online golf clubs )Blade is also a thin putter (no more than a half-inch wide) with a straight face. Little Ben, the famous putter owned by Ben Crenshaw, is an example of a blade putter.
Blind Hole – A hole whose green is not visible when an approach shot is made, thereby requiring a player to rely on senses other than sight, such as the unmistakable sound of an unseen golfer shouting after being struck by a ball, the distinct smell of trouble, the metallic taste of fear and the sudden touch of flu that dictates an immediate return to the clubhouse by way of the deep woods.
Blood, no Phrase used most often in match-play situations to indicate that the hole was halved, or played even, and no money has been won or lost.
Blow Up To have your golf game come apart at the seams. Easily recognized: When your score is blowing up, so are you.
Bo Derek A perfect shot. The expression comes from Ms. Derek's role in the movie 10, in which some considered her as attractive as a 350-yard drive down the middle of the fairway.
Bob Barker A shot that's hit too high to be effective, so called because we ask it to "come on down."
Body English – Informal term for nervous leaning or twisting movements that players sometimes make, particularly while putting, to "persuade" the ball to go in a desired direction. If the ball fails to do so, these movements are often followed by a series of vulgar gestures and physical expressions of disgust referred to as body Spanish, body French or body Italian.
Bogey – The number of strokes needed to finish a hole by a golfer of average skill and above-average honesty. See DOUBLE BOGEY.
Bogey train A series of consecutive bogies. For professional golfers, the bogey train is a one-way ride to a job at a driving range.
Bomb A very long shot, usually a drive. John Daly hits bombs. Tiger Woods hits bombs. Most amateurs are content to hit firecrackers.
Borrow On a breaking putt, the amount of distance aimed to the right or left of the cup. The greens at August National (where the Masters Tournament is held each year) are so severely sloped that golfers may have to borrow fifteen or twenty feet when lining up their putts. Borrow too much or too little, and you'll wind up borrowing to pay your gambling debts.
Boss of the moss A golfer who is especially proficient on the green. On the PGA Tbur, Loren Roberts is commonly called "the boss of the moss" because of his putting prowess.
Brassie – Traditional name for the 2-wood, whose sole was at one time made of brass. The 3-wood is sometimes referred to as a "spoon," the 4-wood as a "baffie," the 5-iron as a "mashie," the 7-iron as a "mashie-niblick," and the 9-iron as a "niblick." Any club wrapped around a tree is a "smashie." If a club is flung into a water hazard, it is a "splashie." If it has a slippery grip, it is a "bashie." If it is hurled at a dog, it is a "lassie." A club that was allegedly used in a hole-in-one is a "fibstick." If it was a wood, it is a "fablespoon."
Break – 1. The shifting or changing of the direction of a putt caused by the slope or slant of a green. 2. The splitting or shattering of the shaft of a putter caused by the rage or wrath of a player.
Breakfast ball Another way of saying mulligan Derived from the fact that many players eat breakfast just before teeing off and may require two tries to hit a good tee shot on the first hole.
Broom A term used to describe the putting stroke, since the motion involved in using a broom is similar. Many amateurs, though, are far more proficient at sweeping the garage than getting down in two.
Brother-in-law act Alternating excellent play by partners in a two-ball match. Getting brother-in-lowed means your opponents took turns beating your brains in.
Bunker – A hazard consisting of an area of ground along a fairway or adjacent to a green from which a large amount of soil has been removed and replaced with something designed to trap golfers. If such a hazard occupies more than 2,000 square feet of ground and traps golfers permanently, it is referred to as a "condominium."
Bunt A controlled shot struck more for accuracy than distance; usually follows a low trajectory and runs a long way after hitting the ground. Nick Faldo and Lee Trevino are two accomplished golfers who bunt the ball to avoid the wind or to make sure the ball finds the fairway. For fun, you can also use the term to describe a less-than-prolific drive hit by an opponent, for instance, "Nice bunt, ace."
Burner A tee shot that's hit low and hard.
Butterfly with sore feet, like a An expression used by the more poetic golfers to describe a shot that lands very softly on the green.
Buttonhook A putt that hits the cup on one side and rolls all the way around the edge of the cup before coming out the front edge of the cup. Also called a horseshoe. Either way, very nasty.
1.New aerodynamic head shape slips faster through the air to promote added speed and power 2.Slightly open clubface preferred by skilled players 3.Dual Crown technology promotes higher flight for added carry 4.A noticeably smaller crown sits on top of a large power-base, allowing CG to be placed far back and deep 5.CG placement promotes increased carry and tour-caliber distance 6.Tremendously forgiving 460cc size with black crown, face and sole 7.New Matrix HD6 65-gram shaft promotes piercing, tour-like ball flight
My daughter wants a dog. She wants to train in from a puppy age. Where can I find a cheap nice dog?
the Pound.
Adopt a dog and they often pay for micro-chipping and desexing and innoculations.
Make sure you understand the full spectrum of the cost and committment of an animal :)
Cheap Dog Crates
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Does Agility equipment for my dog have to cost hundreds?!?
I want to start to agility train my puppy. I have checked out some online sites and so far agility equipment has been SUPER expensive... Anyone know of a place (or person) who I can get good but not overly expensive agility equipment from? Thanks
Caelynn is right. PVC equipment is easy to make.
You can get a "tunnel" intended for kids much, much cheaper than the official agility tunnels.
Agility Training for Dogs : Use Positive Reinforcement During Dog Agility Training
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Nowadays, many families decide to keep animals, such as dogs, cats, mini pigs and so on. These animals can bring happiness to the daily life, accompany old people. But have you ever worried about how to control and train your animals? Dogs are the most common and favorite animal people would like to keep. And training your dogs and making them under your control is a tough task. They are so lovely and naughty. When you have friends come to your house, your dog maybe pounce towards them. On the market, there are various methods to make your dogs listen to your order. But how can you choose? Which is the best choice?Canis clicker training is a method makes use of clicker and treat. It can be a magic way for you to rule your dogs.
What is canis clicker training? The key tool is the device called clicker. It looks like a small matchbox with a metal reed. It can make short sound after pressing the reed. And this training is a positive reinforcement. When your dogs make their behaviors, they will receive your reward. The rewards can some food they favor, such as the slices of meat, cheese and any other they prefer. It is very important for you to choose the right motivation for your dogs. Remember do not always give the same rewards. You can interchange the kind of the rewards. It can provide your dogs the feeling of freshness.
You should also remember some key point of the training. Click and the immediate reward is not a easy job. You should grasp the right time to do it. And during your training, you should avoid punishing your dogs. In addition, you should not use the verbal order at the beginning. Only do it when you are sure that your dogs can understand your meanings.
And at first, you can only teach your dogs to do some simple behaviors, such as sitting, standing and focusing on you. And you should choose some quiet place to start your training. The quiet place is good for your training result because it can avoid your dogs to distract. So the training result would be much better than anywhere else.
What is the history of the clicker training？ Clicker training is created by Marian Kruse and Keller Breland. Firstly they trained their pigeons to bowl and then they trained other kinds of animals. So the theory of the clicker training is operant conditioning.
After making use of the canis clicker training, your dogs will behave as you like. And you will feel proud when you become a excellent trainer and show your result before other. Garb A Copy Click here
Basic Dog Training Skills - Using Equipment - 06 Connector & Double Ended Lead
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Unless otherwise noted, the specifications discussed in this article refer to those described within the Official Baseball Rules, under which Major League Baseball is played. The starting point for much of the action on the field is home plate, which is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber, 17-inches square with two of the corners removed so that one edge is 17 inches long, two adjacent sides are 8 inches and the remaining two sides are 12 inches and set at an angle to make a point. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8 1/2-inch sides is a batter's box. The point of home plate where the two 12-inch sides meet at right angles, is at one corner of a ninety-foot square. The other three corners of the square, in counterclockwise order from home plate, are called first base, second base, and third base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches (38 cm) square mark the three bases. These three bags along with home plate form the four bases at the corners of the infield.
A subtlety about the bases is that all the base bags, along with home plate, lie entirely within fair territory. Thus, any batted ball touching those bases must necessarily be in fair territory while touching the bag or plate. While the first and third base bags are placed so that they lie inside the 90 foot square formed by the bases, the second base bag is placed so that its center (unlike first, third and home) coincides exactly with the "point" of the ninety-foot infield square. Thus, although the "points" of the bases are 90 feet apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to 88 feet. This positioning of the second base bag creates an "offset" (of one-half of its bag width) from pure "alignment" with the first and third base bags - an anomaly which does not seem to have affected play over the years and generally goes unnoticed by players and fans.
The lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the playing field between (and including) the foul lines is fair territory; the rest is foul territory. The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield; fair territory outside the infield is known as the outfield. Most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is usually set at a distance ranging from 300 to 410 feet (90 to 125 m) from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole. These poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a batted ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball and the batter is awarded a home run. Another common feature of baseball fields is a warning track, a narrow dirt path that follows the outer edge of the outfield at the fence to serve to warn outfielders of their proximity to the wall.
First base
Main article: First baseman
First base foul pole at Citi Field in Flushing, Queens.
First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the batting team in order to score a run. Unlike when an offensive player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, so long as he makes no move or attempt to advance to second base.
There are nine ways a batter can reach first base. They are:
Walk
Hit
Hit by pitch
Fielder's choice
Error
Uncaught third strike
Catcher's interference
Umpire's interference
Obstruction
The first baseman is the defensive player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often tall. A tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Players who are left-handed are preferable for first base because: first, it is easier for a left-handed fielder to catch a pick-off throw from the pitcher and tag the baserunner; and, second, his left foot (which he uses to maintain contact with first base after receiving a throw from another fielder) is closer to first base than his right foot. (A right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base; this is a move that a left-hander need not make.)
In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the first baseman is assigned the number '3'.
Second base
Main article: Second baseman
Second base, or 2B, is the second of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a base runner in order to score a run for that player's team. Second base is typically defended by the second baseman and the shortstop. Second base is also known as the keystone sack. A runner on second base is said to be in "scoring position," owing to the high likelihood of reaching home plate and scoring a run from second base on most base hits. Since second is the farthest base from home plate, it is the most common target of base stealing.
Ideally, the second baseman and shortstop possess quick hands and feet and the ability to release the ball rapidly and with accuracy. One will usually cover second base when the other attempts to field the ball. Both players must communicate well to be able to make a double play. Particular agility is required of the second baseman in double play situations, which usually forces the player to throw towards first while his momentum carries him in the opposite direction. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4, and the shortstop 6.
Third base
Main article: Third baseman
Third base is the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in a counterclockwise succession in order to score a run. Many batted balls that result in the batter being put out (such as a sacrifice fly) may nevertheless allow a runner to reach home plate and score a run from third base, provided that the third and final out is not recorded before he can do so. A runner on third base is therefore particularly valuable to the batting team when fewer than 2 outs have been recorded.
The third baseman, or 3B, is the defensive player whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base. A third baseman ideally possesses quick reaction to batted balls and a strong arm to make the long throw to first base. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the third baseman is assigned the number 5.
Home plate
Home plate of Teb baseball field
Home plate, formally designated home base in the rules, is the final base that a player must touch to score. Unlike the other bases, home plate is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber that is set at ground level. The use of rubber was developed by Robert Keating, who pitched one game for the 1887 Baltimore Orioles. Previously, more dangerously, the plate was made of stone, iron or wood.
50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 meters) behind home plate is the backstop, which is a wall/fence that will stop wild pitches, passed balls, and foul balls. In enclosed stadiums, the backstop is often composed of a lower part, which is like any other part of the wall, and an upper netting to protect spectators seated behind it; in recreational baseball fields, there is usually a tall chain-link fence, including an angled top section, composing the entire backstop.
Additionally, the catcher covers home plate when a runner is attempting to score a run; he must tag the runner with the ball (or the glove with the ball inside) before the runner touches home plate, or in the event that the bases are loaded he may simply touch home plate while in possession of the ball to get the runner out. Professional catchers in the major leagues often have large body frames to maximally obstruct home plate from the runner's access. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the catcher is assigned the number 2.
Batter's box and catcher's box
David Ortiz (in gray) of the Boston Red Sox stands in the batter's box for left-handed hitters.
The batter's box is the place where the batter stands when ready to receive a pitch from the pitcher. It is usually drawn in chalk on the dirt surrounding home plate, and the insides of the boxes are watered down before each game.
The chalk lines delineating the 2 Foul Lines are often not extended through the batter's boxes. However, those lines exist conceptually for the purpose of judging a batted ball fair or foul. In addition, inside edges of the Batter's Boxes are often not laid-in with chalk. Similarly, though not marked, those lines continue to exist for the purpose of the rules pertaining to the batter's box and the batter's position relative thereto.
There are two batter's boxes, one on each side of home plate. The batter's boxes are 4 feet wide and 6 feet long. The batter's boxes are centered lengthwise at the center of home plate with the inside line of each batter's box 6 inches from the near edge of home plate. A right-handed batter would stand in the batter's box on the left side of home plate from the perspective of the catcher and umpire. A left-handed batter would stand in the batter's box to their right. A batter may only occupy one batter's box at a time and may not legally leave the batter's box after the pitcher has come set or has started his windup. Should the batter wish to leave the batter's box once the pitcher has engaged the rubber, he must first ask the umpire for time-out. Time will not be granted if the pitcher has already started his pitching motion. For playing rules relating to the batter's box, see Rules 6.05 and 6.06 of the Official Baseball Rules.
The catcher is the defensive player who is positioned to receive pitches - generally positioned within the catcher's box. The catcher's box is 43 inches wide, centered on and extending 8 feet behind the point of home plate. Rule sets vary as to the catcher's responsibility to remain in the catcher's box. Under Official Baseball Rules, the only specified penalty relating to the catcher's box is that when a batter is being walked intentionally, it is a balk if the catcher to steps outside the catcher's box before the pitcher releases the pitch.
Foul poles
1 of 2 foul poles at Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia.
The purpose of the foul poles is to help the umpire judge whether a fly ball hit above the fence line is foul (out of play) or fair (a home run). The poles are a vertical extension of the foul lines. Both objects are used to determine whether a ball is foul or fair. The outer edge of the foul lines and foul poles define foul territory and both the lines and the poles themselves are actually within fair territory. Prior to 1920, the foul lines were "infinite": a batter was awarded a home run only if a fly ball over the fence landed in fair territory, or was fair "when last seen" by the umpire. Under the current rule, a batted ball that goes out of play in flight is judged fair or foul at the point it clears the fence. Thus, a fly ball hitting a foul pole above the top of the outfield fence is a home run, regardless of where the ball goes after striking this pole, and a fly ball clearing the fence on the fair side of the pole is a home run regardless of where it lands. Foul poles (shown at right) are typically much higher than the top of the outfield fence, and often have a narrow screen running along the fair side of the pole to further aid the umpire's judgment. It can still be a difficult call, especially in ballparks with no outfield stands behind the poles to provide perspective. Wrigley Field is notorious for arguments over long, curving flies down a foul line (most notably in left field) that sail higher than the foul pole.
Pitcher's mound
The pitcher moves forward off the rubber as the pitch is released.
In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or commonly the rubber, 6 inches (15 cm) front-to-back and 2 feet (61 cm) across, the front of which is exactly 60 feet, 6 inches (18.4 m) from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rulemakers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but purposely (further details in History section).
In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter, with the center 59 feet (18.0 m) from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the pitcher's plate or rubber is 18 inches (45.7 cm) behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches (18.4 m) from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15.2 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The top of the rubber is to be no higher than ten inches (25.4 cm) above home plate. From 1903 through 1968, this height limit was set at 15 inches, but was often slightly higher, sometimes as high as 20 inches (50.8 cm), especially for teams that emphasized pitching, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were reputed to have the highest mound in the majors.
A pitcher will push off the rubber with his foot in order to gain velocity toward home plate when pitching. In addition, a higher mound generally favors the pitcher. With the height advantage, the pitcher gains more leverage and can put more downward velocity on the ball, making it more difficult for the batter to strike the ball squarely with the bat. The lowering of the mound in 1969 was intended to "increase the batting" once again, as pitching had become increasingly dominant, reaching its peak the prior year; 1968 is known among baseball historians as "The Year of the Pitcher". This restrictive rule apparently did its job, contributing to the hitting surge of modern baseball.
In Little League Baseball, the distance between the mound and homeplate is 46'. PONY Baseball caters to most of the same age ranges as Little League in their Shetland, Pinto, Mustang and Bronco divisions (covering ages 5 through 12 respectively) Each of these divisions features a different distance between the mound and home plate, as well as progressively longer baselines. This graduation of the field dimensions is meant to mirror the growth of the participants themselves as they mature physically. For example the Mustang division mound is 44' from home, and the Bronco division 48'. PONY baseball offers divisions for kids beyond the age of 12 in the Pony, Colt and Palomino divisions. The Pony division utilizes a 54' distance from the mound to home while Colt and Palomino use a major league dimensions of 60' 6" mound distance and 90' basepaths.
A pitcher's mound is difficult for groundskeepers to maintain. Usually before every game it is watered down to keep the dust from spreading. On youth and amateur baseball fields, the mound may be much different from the rulebook definition due to erosion and repair attempts. Even in the major leagues, each mound gains its own character, as pitchers are allowed to kick away pieces of dirt in their way, thereby sculpting the mound a bit to their preference. Mark Fidrych is an example of such a pitcher. The pitcher may keep a rosin bag on the rear of the mound to dry off his hands
Baseline
A baseline is the direct route straight line between two adjacent bases, though it is not drawn in chalk or paint on the field (though foul lines are drawn). The basepath is the region within three feet (0.9 m) of the baseline. Baserunners are not required to run in this objective basepath, however; a baserunner may run wherever he wants when no play is being attempted on him. At the moment the defense begins to attempt a tag on him, his running baseline is established as a direct line from his current position to the base which he is trying for. A runner straying more than three feet away from his baseline in an attempt to avoid a tag may be called out.
Grass line
The H.H.H. Metrodome, showing a white "grass" line.
The grass line, where the dirt of the infield ends and the grass of the outfield begins, has no special significance to the rules of the game, but it can influence the outcome of a game. Dirt running paths between the bases (and, at one time, between the pitcher and the catcher) have existed since the beginning of the game, although they were not mentioned in the rule books until around 1950, and their specifications are flexible. In addition to providing a running path, the grass lines act as a visual aid so that players, umpires and fans may better judge distance from the center of the diamond. Occasionally the ball may take a tricky bounce off the dirt area or the edge between the dirt and the grass. World Series championships (including 1924, 1960 and 1986) have been decided or heavily influenced by erratic hops of ground balls. In artificial turf stadiums (such as those with FieldTurf in Major League Baseball), infield dirt is placed only around the bases and around the pitcher's and batting areas; thus the "grass line" is designated with a white line. The exception is at St. Petersburg's Tropicana Field, where, in spite of artificial turf, standard dirt basepaths are used.
Outfield
The outfield is made from thick grass or artificial turf. It is where the outfielders play. The positions to play in the outfield are right, center, and left field. Outfields vary in size depending on the size of the overall field.
Warning track
The bottom of the picture shows part of the orange clay colored warning track at Fenway Park.
The warning track typically refers to the strip of dirt in front of the home run fence. Because the warning track's color and feel differs from the grass outfield, an outfielder can remain focused on a fly ball near the fence and take his proximity to the fence into consideration while attempting to catch the ball safely. It is also used for grounds maintenance so as to not drive on the grass field.
A warning track is also a common feature along the left and right sides of a field.
A warning track's width varies from field to field. It is generally designed to give about three steps of warning to the highest level players using the field. Typical widths run from about six feet for Little League fields to about 1015 feet for college- or professional-level play.
The track can be composed of finely ground rock particles such as cinders, which is why announcer Bob Wolff called it the "cinder path" rather than the "warning track".
The idea of a warning track originated in Yankee Stadium, where an actual running track was built for the use of track and field events. When baseball people saw how the track helped fielders, it soon became a feature of every ballpark.
Despite the warning track's presence, it is common to see outfielders crash into the wall to make a catch, due either to a desire to field the play regardless of the outcome or because they fail to register the warning. For this reason, outfield walls are typically padded for extra safety, where feasible. Wrigley Field's brick wall is covered only by ivy, which is not especially soft. There are pads on the walls of the tight left and right field corners in foul ground.
Warning-track power is a derogatory term for a batter who seems to have just enough power to hit the ball to the warning track for an out, but not enough to hit a home run. The term more generally refers to someone or something that is almost but not quite good enough for something.
Outfield wall
The Green Monster in 2006, showing the manual scoreboard and Green Monster seating, and more recent additions, including charity advertisements along the top, billboards above the Green Monster seating, and the American League East standings.
Outfield wall is the wall that separates the outfield from the out of play zone. Certain ballparks give up more home runs depending on the height of their walls. Fenway Park's Green Monster is the tallest of these walls at 37 ft. Many ballparks have padding on the walls for the protection of outfielders trying to make plays.
Bullpen
Main article: Bullpen
The bullpen (sometimes referred to as simply "the pen") is the area where pitchers warm-up before entering a game. Depending on the ballpark, it may be situated in foul territory along the baselines or just beyond the outfield fence. Relief pitchers usually wait in the bullpen when they have yet to play in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes his final pregame warmups in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin his warmup tosses. "Bullpen" is also used metaphorically to describe a team's collection of relief pitchers.
Pitchers warming up in the bullpen
On-deck circles
Main article: On deck
There are two on-deck circles in the field, one for each team, positioned in foul ground between home plate and the respective teams' benches. They are technically known as next-batter's boxes. The on-deck circle is where the next scheduled batter, or "on-deck" batter, warms up while waiting for the current batter to finish his turn. The on-deck circle is either an area composed of bare dirt; a plain circle painted onto artificial turf; or often, especially at the professional level, made from artificial material, with the team's logo painted onto it.
Coach's boxes
The coach's boxes, located behind 1st and 3rd base, are where the 1st and 3rd base coach are supposed to stand, but often they don't stand on them and move closer into the field. That is permissible as long as they do not interfere with play. The coach's boxes are marked with chalk or paint. In early day's, the term "coacher's box" was used, as "coach" was taken to be a verb. As the term "coach" evolved into a noun, the name of the box also changed.
History
The basic layout of the diamond has been little changed since the original Knickerbocker Rules of the 1840s. The distance between bases was already established as 90 feet, which it remains to this day. Through trial and error, 90 feet had been settled upon as the optimal distance. 100 feet would have given too much advantage to the defense, and 80 feet too much to the offense. As athleticism has improved on both sides of the equation, 90 feet remains the appropriate balance between hitting and fielding, as it continues to provide frequent tests between the speed of a batter-runner and the throwing arm of a fielder.
It is the pitching distance, and other aspects of the pitcher's mound, and of pitching itself, that were tinkered with from time to time over the many decades, in an effort to keep an appropriate balance between pitching and hitting.
In contrast to the distance between the bases, which seems natural enough, the very specific pitching distance of 60 feet 6 inches is one of those sports oddities that seems like a mistake unless one knows the history:
The original Knickerbocker Rules did not specify the pitching distance explicitly.
By the time major league baseball began in the 1870s, the pitcher was compelled to pitch from within a "box" whose front edge was 45 feet from the "point" of home plate. Although he had to release the ball before crossing the line, as with bowlers in cricket, he also had to start his delivery from within the box; he could not run in from the field as bowlers do. Furthermore, he had to throw underhand. By the 1880s, pitchers had mastered the underhand delivery quite well. The year 1880 saw two perfect games within a week of each other.
In an attempt to "increase the batting", the front edge of the pitcher's box was moved back 5 feet in 1881, to 50 feet from home plate.
The size of the box was tinkered with over the next few years. Pitchers were allowed to throw overhand starting in 1884, and that tilted the balance of power again. In 1887, the box was set at 4 feet wide and 5 1/2 feet deep, with the front edge still 50 feet from the plate. However, the pitcher was compelled to deliver the ball with his back foot at the 55 1/2 foot line of the box, thus somewhat restricting his ability to "power" the ball with his overhand delivery. (Lansch, p. 96)
In 1893, the box was replaced by the pitcher's plate, although the term "knocked out of the box" is still sometimes used when a pitcher is replaced for ineffectiveness. Exactly 5 feet was added to the point the pitcher had to toe, again "to increase the batting" (and hopefully to increase attendance, as fan interest had flagged somewhat), resulting in the seemingly peculiar pitching distance of 60 1/2 feet. (Lansch, p. 230)
Many sources tend to say that the pitching distance evolved from 45 to 50 to 60 1/2 feet. However, the first two were the "release point" and the third is the "pushoff point", so the 1893 increase was not quite as dramatic as is often implied; that is, the 1893 rule change added only 5 feet to the release point, not 10 1/2 feet.
Originally the pitcher threw from flat ground (as softball pitchers still do), but over time the mound was developed, tipping the balance back the pitchers' way somewhat.
Prior to the mid-20th century, it was common for baseball fields to include a dirt pathway between the pitcher's mound and home plate. This feature, sometimes known as the "keyhole" for the shape that it makes together with the mound, was once as wide as the pitcher's box and resembled the "pitch" area used in the game of cricket. Sometimes this path extended through the batting area and all the way to the backstop. Once the rounded pitcher's mound was developed, the path became more ornamental than practical, and was gradually made thinner before being largely abandoned by the late 1940s. In recent years some ballparks, such as Comerica Park and Chase Field in the major leagues, have revived the feature for nostalgic reasons.
References
^ Official Baseball Rules - Rule 1
^ James, B. New Historical Baseball Abstract.
Official Rules of Major League Baseball
The Baseball Encyclopedia, published by MacMillan
Glory Fades Away, by Jerry Lansch
External links
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In flight Infield Fly Rule Bench-clearing brawl Pepper Safe Uncaught third strike Interference Golden sombrero Ground rules Instant replay Baseball jargon Slump Bench jockey You're out
Categories: Baseball field | Baseball rules | Sports rules and regulations | Baseball venuesHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations About the Author
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] How can I lose weight in this kind of environment i have been struggling with this for months.?
Ok so this is how it is, I am 5'4 and a half tall and I weigh about 112-113 lbs. Most of my weight is in my sides and thighs. I can't really run in my neighborhood because of the dogs that are around, and i done really have any fitness equipment in my house ive tried situps before i dont 100 everyday and nothing really happened, but my dad has a weight bench and i can use it, but i really need some help anyone got any ideas? I want to lose like 10-15 lbs thats all within a month
make sure you are following a healthy diet, at least 200 calories less than your daily calories needed. input your stats into this to find what your daily calorie need is.
do crunches with weight resistance, that way you only need to do 3 reps of 20 crunches and get the same effect as doing 100 crunches with out resistance. squats and jumps will help you tone your thighs.
remember: crunches and squats will not make you lose fat in those specific areas. the only way you can lose weight is overall through burning more calories than you consume. you need to burn about 3,500 calories to lose 1 lb of fat. the crunches and squats will help tone your body, which will make you look leaner once you lose the fat.
you can not lose 10-15 lbs in a month. you can lose up to 2 lbs a week, but 1 lb is more realistic. so expect to lose about 4 lbs a month. your goal will take about 2 1/2 months.
don't starve your self, EVER! this will only cause your metabolism to slow down, and then you will finally binge because you've been starving yourself, and that binge will pack on the pounds more than if you ate that much with out starving because your metabolism is messed up.
When Pierre Blanchard had ascended from Philadelphia in a hot air balloon on January 9, 1793 and made the 15-mile journey across the Delaware River to Depford, New Jersey, he had made the Western hemisphere’s first aerial flight, sparking a long line of aviation accomplishments in the Garden state.
Charles Durant, of Jersey City, for example, had subsequently become the first American balloonist to fly in 1830 and Dr. Solomon Andrews, constructing the first dirigible three years later, rose above Perth Amboy and flew to Long Island, then an unheard-of achievement by air.
The Boland brothers, of Rahway, built the first fixed-wing aircraft in 1909 and became the first to fly in South America. Three years later, in 1912, Oliver Simmons carried the first official sack of mail across Raritan Bay, from South Amboy to Perth Amboy, in a Wright Flyer. The first five World War I flying aces had hailed from New Jersey, earning the title in 1918. The world’s first dirigible, the USS Shenandoah, had been built in Lakehurst in 1921. The Barling Bomber, constructed at Teterboro Airport in 1922 by the Wittlemann brothers, had then been the largest aircraft ever designed.
Air-cooled Whirlwind engines, built in Princeton, had powered many early aircraft of the 1920s. Metropolitan New York’s airmail hub, established in 1925, had been located at Hadley Field in South Planfield. Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett had been the first to navigate a Teterboro-constructed Fokker Trimotor, powered by Whirlwind engines, over the North Pole in 1926. However, the feat had been one of many made possible by the engine: in 1927, Charles Lindbergh had flown across the Atlantic in the Spirit of St. Louis; Clarence Chamberlin had flown to Germany two weeks later; and Richard Byrd and a crew of three had flown to France, all in aircraft powered by the Whirlwind.
Newark Metropolitan Airport, the world’s busiest airfield, had opened in 1928 and became the location of America’s first air traffic controller, William “Whitney” Conrad.
The 1930s continued to see New Jersey aviation achievements. Fokker, for example, had designed the world’s largest passenger aircraft, the F.32, at Teterboro Airport in 1930, while Amelia Earhart had prepared for her solo transatlantic flight here, and the first aviation high school course had been established in Teaneck. Glen Rock’s Chester Decker became the National Soaring Champion in both 1936 and 1939. Naval Air Station Lakehurst had been the mooring point for the Graf Zeppelin Hindenburg.
Between 1942 and 1945, General Motor’s Eastern Aircraft Division built 13,500 Grumman fighter aircraft at its Tilden and Trenton plants for the war effort, while the Curtiss-Wright Corporation produced 281,164 engines and 146,468 electric propellers in six northern New Jersey locations. Major Thomas McGuire, of Ridgewood, New Jersey, became the country’s second leading flying ACE, having shot down 38 enemy aircraft, while Frderick Castle of Mountain Lakes and First Lieutenant Kenneth Walsh of Jersey City, along with McGuire, had received Congressional Medals of Honor for their feats.
The first rocket engine, developed by Reaction Motors of Danville in 1947, had powered the Bell X-1, the first design to break the sound barrier, while their subsequent rocket engine had powered the North American X-15, the first aircraft to fly in space.
The world’s first hovercraft had been designed by Charles Fletcher of Sussex in 1953.
Beyond the atmosphere, Walter M. Schirra of Oradell became the only astronaut to fly in all three spacecraft in 1968--Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo--while Montclair’s Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin became the first astronaut to land a vehicle on the moon one year later.
New Jersey’s rich civil and military aviation heritage can be explored at several strategically located airports and museums.
The Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey, for instance, founded in 1972 and located on the east side of Teterboro Airport, is dedicated to the preservation of the Garden State’s distinguished, two-century aviation and space heritage. The first such state facility created for this purpose, it enshrines the men and women whose aeronautical achievements had brought world-wide recognition to New Jersey.
Aside from the Hall of Fame itself, its small indoor display area features several significant engines, inclusive of a two-cylinder, 28-hp, 1400-rpm, horizontally-opposed Model A Lawrence from 1916, which had been the forerunner of the Wright Whirlwind; a J44 turbojet engine model from the Teterboro School of Aeronautics; an XLR99 liquid rocket engine, which had first powered the X15 in 1960; a Curtiss Wright XLR-25-CW-1 motor assembly; a Wright Cyclone R-1820; a Wright Tornado R-2160, which had developed 2,350 bph at 4,150 revolutions-per-minute; and an air-cooled Wright Aeronautical J-5 Whirlwind.
Several rotary wing aircraft are also represented, such as a Super Scorpion helicopter, which had won the 1977 Experimental Aircraft Association Rotorcraft Ground Championship, an H-13 (Bell 47), and an Apache.
A Curtiss-Wright Dehmel Flight Simulator had once been used by Eastern Airlines.
A few significant exhibits are maintained outside. A M*A*S*H unit, for example, features a hospital tent, an operating room, a mess tent, an ambulance, a truck, and a Bell helicopter, and serves as a living memorial to Korean War veterans. Two rare, commercial aircraft, also located outside, include a Martin 202A registered N93204, which had been manufactured on July 8, 1950, and the nose section of a Convair 880 registered N803TW. The quad-engined airliner, the third such Convair 880 built, had been delivered to Trans World Airlines in 1961.
Teterboro Airport, the museum’s location, is equally significant. Owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jesey, the facility, covering 827 acres, had had its origin in 1917 when Walter C. Teter had acquired the property for it. The oldest operating airport in the northern New Jersey and New York metropolitan area, it had once been the site of North American Aviation aircraft manufacturing during World War I and subsequently served as the base for Anthony Fokker aircraft. It had fielded its first, current-site flight in 1919.
After having been operated by the Army and the Air Force during World War II, it had been purchased by the present Port Authority of New York and New Jersey on April 1, 1949. Serving as a general aviation reliever airport under Federal Aviation Regulation 139, the airport, with some 200,000 annual aircraft movements, features two runways—6,015-foot Runway 6-24 and 7,000-foot Runway 1-19; 4.2 miles of taxiways; an FAA control tower; and 19 hangars with a collective 412,000 square feet of area. It is a founding member of the Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey.
The Air Victory Museum, located in Lumberton at the South Jersey Regional Airport, is another significant aviation facility and focuses on military aircraft and their powerplants. “An educational organization dedicated to inspiring today’s youth through the technology and achievements in aviation,” according to its mission statement, the museum, which is partially certified and approved by the US Air Force and fully approved by the US Navy and the National Museum of Naval Aviation, seeks to “educate, celebrate aviation advances, and honor those who made them.”
Its aircraft collection encompasses a McDonnell-Douglas A-4D Skyhawk Attack and Ground Support aircraft in Blue Angels livery, an F-4A Phantom, a Lockheed F-104G Starfighter, a North American F-86-D/L Sabre Jet, a Lockheed P-80A Shooting Star, a Ling Temco Vought A-7 Corsair, and a Grumman F-14 Tomcat. The engine exhibits are equally significant and include a German World War II Rocket Assist take off engine; a Junkers Jumo 004 eight-stage axial turbojet, which had powered the Messerschmitt Me-262; a Curtiss-Wright J-65; a 2,000-hp Pratt and Whitney two-row, 18-cylinder, air-cooled R-2800 radial; a Pratt and Whitney TF-30, its first afterburner-equipped powerplant; and a General Electric J-79. Centerpiece of the engine exhibits, however, is a working Pratt and Whitney R-4360. The largest piston ever designed, it features four rows, seven banks, and 28 cylinders, and had been the only powerplant able to develop its 3,670-pound weight in equivalent horsepower. It had been used by several bombers, including the goliath, ten-engined B-36 Peacemaker.
The Wright Brothers’ contributions are represented by a full-size reproduction of the Wright Flyer, a 1903 Flyer 1 engine replica clearly showing the technology transfer from the bicycle with its chains and sprockets, a Kitty Hawk representation with the Wright Flyer having just disengaged itself from its acceleration track over the sand, and an actual wind tunnel built under their supervision.
Space is represented by an Orbital Space Plane Cabin Mock-Up docking simulator, an ITOS-D Improved Television Infrared Observation Satellite System built by RCA in Hightstown, and the Orbit ‘81 Ant Colony Experiment prepared by Camden High School students and launched on the Space Shuttle.
Research can be done at the Harold Watson Raymond Sleeper Stephen Synder Memorial Library.
The South Jersey Regional Airport, location of the Air Victory Museum, is a nontowered field with a single, 3,911-foot asphalt runway (08-26) and some 113 based aircraft owned by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
Southern New Jersey is rich in historic Army and Navy air bases.
The Millville Army Air Field Museum, the first of these, is located at Millville Municipal Airport and had been used for Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt pilot training during World War II.
Driving into the airport, currently a general aviation facility, is like entering a World War II time portal: several cinder block buildings and barracks, characteristic of the war, stand eerily silent and vacated, as if the area had once provided the stage for some vast performance, but its players had long since departed. The runways still routinely field take offs and landings, but mostly of single-engined Cessnas and Pipers. Yet, the location had been an integral part of World War II and therefore remains historically significant.
It had been one of 900 defense airports ordered by the US government to be strategically located round the country in order to be immediately convertible from civilian to military application and to train counterforces in the event of war. Unlike the others, however, Millville Army Air Field had been the first one and therefore had been dedicated as “America’s first defense airport” by local, state, and federal officials when it had opened on August 2, 1941 amid a 10,000-strong ceremony.
The current, 923-acre Millville Municipal Airport, New Jersey’s second-largest general aviation field, sports an instrument landing system (ILS) and an FAA Flight Service Station (FSS), the City of Millville leasing its administration to the Delaware River and Bay Authority.
Today, the airport echoes of its World War II role. Of the 100 buildings occupying the site during the four years between 1941 and 1945, 20 remain and constitute the world’s largest collection of original, war-era structures, and the preservation, of the core acreage, two hangars, and 18 buildings, has been ensured by their inclusion on the New Jersey and National Registry of Historic Places.
The Henry H. Wyble Historic Research Library and Education Center, one of them, is located in one of the base’s original warehouses and sports an extensive, war-related book collection, videos, historic documents, and aircraft models, and serves as a large-screen theater. The facility, which opened in 2007, features two eight-by-ten foot, “faux,” partially-opened door murals painted by local artists on its façade.
The Link Trainer Building, hailing from 1942 and requiring two years of restoration, houses one of only five still-operational link trainers. Designed by Edwin Albert Link at his family’s organ-building business in Binghamton, New York, to provide instrument training to World War II pilots during poor visibility and night conditions, the device, borrowing the organ bellows to simulate climbs, descents, and banks, had accounted for 6,271 sales to the Army and 1,045 to the Navy and is presently available for visitor usage for a small fee.
A vintage aircraft collection, privately owned by Thomas Duffy and stored in one of the two historic hangars, includes the P-47 Thunderbolt “No Guts, No Glory,” one of only ten still-airworthy aircraft and the very type for which the air base had been created.
The original Pilot Ready Day Room, constructed in 1943, now houses the Ops-Air Crew Lounge of Big Sky Aviation.
Nucleus of the historic field, however, is the Millville Army Air Field Museum housed in the original Army Air Force World War II Gunnery School Administration Building used between 1943 and 1945 and restored in 1988. The museum, founded by Michael T. Stowe to preserve US military aviation history, mostly displays artifacts, equipment, photographs, and engines contributed by air base veterans.
A Pratt and Whitney Double Wasp twin-row radial engine, which had powered the P-47 based here along with several other Army and Navy designs, emphases the sheer power of this mighty engine and is a highlight of the displays. A ceiling light had measured cloud height, while a directional gyro had served as a pilot navigational training aid.
The metal, interlocking Mardson Mat, designed by the British, had facilitated take off and landing operations at ill-equipped locations. According to George Canning, a current Millville Army Air Field Museum affiliate who had enlisted in the Army Air Corps in December of 1941 and had served in the South Pacific, “it’s the best invention of the whole war. Put it together and you have an instant runway!”
The Philadelphia Seaplane Base Museum, founded in 1915 by the Robert Mills family and relocated to the current site in 2000, displays aeromarine wings, struts, and pontoons.
A Nordon bombsight, the mahogany nose of a Curtiss Flying Boat, an aircraft model collection in memory of Robert Wilinski, photographs, a uniform collection, and a typical Army barracks set up complete the internal displays, while two aircraft are featured outside. The first, an A-4F Skyhawk, had been assigned to Attack Squadron 192 aboard the aircraft carrier USS Orskary in 1968 during its Vietnam War combat tour, while the second is a Short Brothers SD3-30 named “Kwajalein Atoll.”
Aside from the exhibits, the museum fields World War II pilot reunions, films, school educational programs, aircraft fly-ins and air shows, and veterans’ events.
Millville Army Air Field, time portal to World War II and once a significant gunnery pilot training facility on the east coast with a fleet of P-47 Thunderbolts, is a living history experience which transcends the past and tells its story to the visitor in the present.
The second historic base in Southern New Jersey, Naval Air Station Wildwood, is located at Cape May Airport. Constructed in 1942, it had facilitated dive-bombing training with a fleet of Douglas SBD Dauntless, Curitss SB2C Helldiver, Grumman TBM Avenger, and Vought F4U Corsair aircraft, at which time its pilots, arranged in air groups, had transferred to their respective aircraft carriers in the Pacific.
When victory had closed the doors on World War II’s theaters in 1945, the Navy had discontinued its training programs at Naval Air Station Wildwood and by December of the following year, it had been deactivated, its 109 buildings having been declared surplus. Of these, 79 had been offered by the War Assets Administration, which had intermittently acquired the property, for off-site use, while several larger structures had been given to Cape May County, which had resumed operation of the station. Hanger Number One, which had been designed by architect Albert Kahn and whose construction had commenced as far back as October of 1942, had been one of them.
Formed by bolted wood Pratt trusses subdivided into ten-foot panels at the roof level, the cavernous, 2,558,000-cubic-foot structure had been 290 feet long, 219 feet wide, and 51 feet high, and had been completed with cross-braced vertical supports at its north and south elevations and a center support, which had once provided the division between its two internal bays. Its east and west elevations had been created by 12 full-height telescoping doors. Aside from once housing the air station’s aircraft fleet, it had also featured offices, workrooms, and maintenance facilities.
The subsequently abandoned structure, having fallen into a state of disrepair with rotting wood and cracked windows, had been resurrected by Dr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Salvatore in 1997, who had formed the not-for-profit Naval Air Station Wildwood Foundation to save and preserve it as a memorial to the 42 pilots who had lost their lives during their training here between 1943 and 1945, and had subsequently been listed on the New Jersey and National Register of Historic Places at the National Significance Level. That hangar now houses the Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum, which features some 30 aircraft, engines, interactive exhibits provided by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, films, a library, and a gift shop.
The hangar, commissioned by the Navy in April of 1943 and one of the few remaining World War II all-wooden structures, is breathtaking in size and magnitude and represents the conversion of resources created by nature for use by man.
Propeller-driven aircraft are represented by the Vultee BT-13 trainer, the OE-2 “Bird Dog,” the Boeing-Stearman PT-17 Kaydet, the North American T-28C Trojan, and the Grumman TBM-3E Avenger, one of only eight designs listed on the National Register of Historic Places, while pure-jet fighters include the McDonnell-Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, the Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star, the Grumman F-14B Tomcat, and a MiG-15. Rotary wing aircraft encompass the UH-1 “Huey,” the AH-1F Cobra, the Hughes OH-6A “Cayuse,” the Bell OH-13C “Sioux,” and the Sikorsky HH-52 “Seaguard,” while both fixed and rotary wing engines include an Allison J-33, a Pratt and Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp, a Wright Cyclone R-1820, a Pratt and Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, a T53, and even a 98,000 thrust-pound Pratt and Whitney PW4098, which powers the mammoth Boeing 777.
Aside from the aircraft and engines themselves, the Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum often hosts fly-ins, veterans’ ceremonies, historical lectures, and school field trips.
The 1,000-acre Cape May Airport, the museum’s location, is itself of historic value, having evolved from the naval air station. Sporting two 4,998-foot runways (1-19 and 10-28), six taxiways, and three parking ramps, the general aviation facility annually fields 39,000 movements primarily comprised of corporate, recreational, and charter aircraft, and stands as a testament to the location where fields, once cultivating corn, had later cultivated pilots whose dive-bombing skills had been instrumental in Pacific theatre and ultimate World War II victory.
Pierre Blanchard’s hot air balloon ascent in 1793 had sparked a long line of aviation accomplishments in New Jersey, a path which can be retraced today by visiting its significant airfields and museums from Teterboro Airport in the north to Naval Air Station Wildwood in the south.
About the Author
A graduate of Long Island University-C.W. Post Campus with a summa-cum-laude BA Degree in Comparative Languages and Journalism, I have subsequently earned the Continuing Community Education Teaching Certificate from the Nassau Association for Continuing Community Education (NACCE) at Molloy College, the Travel Career Development Certificate from the Institute of Certified Travel Agents (ICTA) at LIU, and the AAS Degree in Aerospace Technology at the State University of New York – College of Technology at Farmingdale. Having amassed almost three decades in the airline industry, I managed the New York-JFK and Washington-Dulles stations at Austrian Airlines, created the North American Station Training Program, served as an Aviation Advisor to Farmingdale State University of New York, and created and taught the Airline Management Certificate Program at the Long Island Educational Opportunity Center. A freelance author, I have written some 70 books of the short story, novel, nonfiction, essay, poetry, article, log, curriculum, training manual, and textbook genre in English, German, and Spanish, having principally focused on aviation and travel, and I have been published in book, magazine, newsletter, and electronic Web site form. I am a writer for Cole Palen’s Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in New York.
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Generally, sturdier, active dogs love kids, but unless your dog is well-trained, he may pose a risk to your children. Often used interchangeably, the terms "mixed breed" and "crossbreed" have slightly different meanings.
Dog Potty Training is really essential
If it weren't for the fact that most terriers, such as the Cairn and the Norfolk, are fairly small, their tenacious nature and boundless energy would make them hard to control.
This is the list of dog Herding Breeds according to The American Kennel Club:Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Shepherd, Bearded Collie, Beauceron, Belgian Malinois, Belgian Sheepdog, Belgian Tervuren, Border Collie, Bouvier des Flandres Briard, Canaan Dog, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Collie, German Shepherd Dog, Old, English Sheepdog, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Polish Lowland Sheepdog, Puli, Shetland Sheepdog, Swedish Vallhund. These fiery little dynamos would dig up underground dens and burrows while barking furiously, forcing the inhabitants out where hunters awaited. The poodle is by far the most popular of the non-sporting breeds.
Sporting dog breeds. The instinct to herd in some of them can be strong in these breeds even if most of these are now plain companion dogs that have never even seen a sheep. Unfortunately, the sheer popularity of some of the sporting breeds, most notably cocker spaniels but also Labrador and golden retrievers, has led to a rise in health and behavioural problems. Terrier dog breeds. Belonging to this group are some of the intelligent dog breeds which includes the admired German shepherd dog, most famous for its police work and the Border collies, the most intelligent of all breeds. Working Dog Breeds. When these dogs bite, they don't let go.
Combining the taut muscles and compact power of the bulldog with the tenacity and aggressiveness of the terrier, some controversial bull terrier breeds have been involved in some highly publicized biting incidents, several involving small children. But despite what those who breed and sell crossbreeds might try to tell you, these are not, nor will they likely ever be, recognized as purebred dogs.
THE ANATOMY OF A CANINE
Pricked Ears. A lot of information can be garnered from a quick sniff. The wire-haired coat of the dachshund features a higher quantity and density of the harsh primary hairs in a dog's coat. Species such as wolves that inhabit cold climates sport double coats, with a thick, insulating under layer to retain heat and keep the cold at bay. Button ears can been seen in Shetland Sheepdogs and many terriers.
The ears of wild canids, like wolves and foxes, come in only one shape:natural. Other breeds such as German shepherds and golden retrievers have been trained to detect hidden drugs, explosives, and even termites. Called thermoregulation, this ability allows canids to thrive in all types of climates, from the subarctic to the Sahara.
Hairless. Sixteen sharp premolars, including the carnassials, allow the dog to cut and slice flesh, while ten powerful, grinding molars mean the dog can chew the non-flesh parts of its diet-typically vegetables, other vegetation and grains. As omnivores, canids need a variety of specialized teeth to eat the different types of foods in their varied diets.
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] If I throw a ball at a wall does the ball stop (however briefly ) before changing direction to return to me?
If Yes, did the fly crashing into the front of the oncoming train stop the train as it reversed direction. Did the train stop ? if not how did the fly ? Surely if the fly stops the train does. LOL
The answer is essentially the same in both cases.
You cannot, in this context, usefully talk about the velocities of the fly, the ball or the train, because on impact there is always deformation (look at a fly that has been squashed by a train!). Neither the fly nor the train are a single object; we should think instead about the velocities of their component particles.
Each particle of the ball or fly, on impact, eventually suffers an acceleration which reverses its motion. Particles of the train suffer an equal but opposite acceleration. When a particle of fly is actually in contact with a particle of train, the two have the same velocity - but for an infinitesimal time (1/infinity seconds, zero in round figures).
Other particles of fly collide with the one that had the first impact, and the shock wave (transient compression) propagated through the fly's body will be what causes them to reverse. The particles in each collision (a pair of particles moving in opposite directions) will momentarily share a velocity.
The resultant, of course, since the train has many more particles, is that the train continues and the fly reverses. Except for the elasticity which causes the ball to regain shape after being deformed, the same thing happens with a bouncing ball.
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Dog Scootering is an activity which is rapidly gaining popularity across the UK - dogs love to run and what better way to allow them to; you may have seen somebody in your local neighbourhood whizzing past you on a scooter being pulled by their dog or dogs. It is a great way to exercise and bond with your pet and is suitable for almost any fit and healthy dog.
Dog Scootering is a sport where one or more dogs pull a human riding an unmotorised two wheeled scooter. The human can help the dog along by scooting and together can cover a much wider area than by walking in the same time frame. This is a great way to exercise for both you and your dog. The dog obviously gets exercise by pulling the scooter and running, but people also get exercise, as they have to assist the dog by pushing the scooter, and at times, getting off and running with the scooter, especially up hills! Most dogs take to scootering immediately and need little or no encouragement to run as fast as they can, whilst going out to new and exciting places. As a scootering team get more experienced and confident, you can visit new trails and travel further, and can lead to a stronger bond between owner and dog.
Almost any type of dogs can pull a scooter, from Huskies, to Great Danes, and Schnauzers to Spaniels. The smaller the dog, the more you will have to help out on hills and rough spots. All dogs, regardless of size, must be slowly worked into fitness, along with their owners. Don't expect to run the Iditarod in your first month!
So how do you start scootering?
All you need to get started is yourself and your dog, a scooter, a harness and a gangline.
There are a variety of different types of scooter on the market currently, ranging from £150 to £400. Scooters are unmotorised and most have mountain bike type tyres, ranging from 16" to 26". The scooters have a large footplate to balance, stand upon and kick off from, and usually have a front and rear brake.
You may find some models only have a rear brake, and other models are now incorporating front shocks to absorb the bumps when riding over rough terrain. Most scooters allow the gangline to be connected around the head stock of the scooter, but there are some varieties of scooter which have introduced a "brushbow" attachment, which cover the front wheel. This protects the dogs from the wheel and also allows the gangline to be connected in a direct line to the rear of the harness.
An alternative sport similar to scootering is bikejoring. This is where a bike is used instead of a scooter, although some people view this as a more dangerous alternative, as it can be more difficult to dismount a bike in an emergency. Others feel more secure on a bike.
Scooters are easily transportable. They can fit inside a car (if you don't mind the mud!), a car boot or can be carried on a bike rack attached to the back or top of a car.
There are two types of harnesses that are generally used for scootering; the X-Back Harness and the Shoulder Harness.
The X-Back Harness is the mainstay product of the majority of professional and recreational mushers. Most commonly seen on pictures of sled dogs around the globe, this harness is the traditional style of capturing a dogs pulling power. It is important the harness fits snugly but not tightly around the neck and extends along the back stopping just short of the tail. As well as sledding and dryland mushing, this harness can be used for skijoring, bikejoring, cani-cross and scootering. The Shoulder Harness; this style of harness connects around the shoulders of the dog with the hitching point just below the shoulder blades. This has the advantage of allowing all the power generated at the shoulders to be harnessed directly, which is particularly useful when the hitching point is not directly in line with the dogs topline, such as with scootering, skijoring and bikejoring. If the connection point is significantly higher than the dogs topline, then the use of an X Back harness can cause the dogs back legs to be lifted away from the ground slightly reducing the power. Some long distance mushers in the Iditarod have also cited shoulder harnesses put less stress on the lower back and hips of the dog. Finally, you will require a gangline which is the line that connects your dog to the scooter.
The gangline will usually consist of two sections; the first called a tug line and the second a bungee line. Alternatively, you can obtain a single longer line which incorporates a bungee within. It is important to use a bungee within the lines, as it will absorb any sharp impacts from the scooter away from the dog and make the experience far more enjoyable.
There are double tug lines that are available once you progress to running two dogs. Most double tug lines will come with a neckline, which clips to the collar of each dog, to keep them running alongside each other.
There is no need for any special attachments to connect the gangline to the scooter - the lines can wrap around the head stock of the scooter; alternatively, as previously mentioned, some scooters are manufactured with special connections points for dog scootering.
Besides the equipment stated above, there is plenty more items and supplies you may wish to take with you whilst out scootering:
Water and Dog Bowl - dogs will drink lots of water especially after exercise. Always make sure your dog has access to fresh clean drinking water before and after exercising.
Treats - you will want to reward your dog after a great time scootering!
Poo Bags - most places now request that you use poo bags after your dog. This is a good reason to encourage your dog to go to the toilet before starting your scootering session.
Protective Equipment - you may wish to wear a helmet, wrist guards, knee pads and or googles when scootering, depending on the speed of your dog and the type of surface you are scootering on.
Dog Booties - Booties protects dog paws from hot pavement, sharp gravel and stones. There is often an adjustment period for the dog's paws, and they may get sore or cut initially if on a longer run, until they toughen up. The owner should ALWAYS carry booties along for cuts and abrasions, and to prevent infection.
Getting started for the first time
For your first run with your dog, choose a familiar route or trail. A good choice is to take the dog to a fun place he's used to visiting, so he has a destination in mind, like the park. A recognised trail is better than an open field because a dog does not know the direction to take when facing an open field. A narrow trail is better than a wide one. If you can, bring a family member or friend on a bicycle, and ask them to ride in front of you.
The dog's first lesson is that the scooter is FUN because he gets to RUN. Keep the run short for the first few trips. Stop well before the dog is tired. Stop while he still wants to go. The first run might be as short as a few minutes or a few miles. Remember that a dog that is out of shape and/or overweight will tire quickly and even can damage joints or pull muscles.
Most people starting out will have just one dog. As always start off slowly. Before you start off on the scooter, walk the dog a little so he has the opportunity to go to the toilet. This will reduce the possibility of your dog having to stop whilst running in harness. Put the dog into his harness and attach them to the scooter with the gangline. An assistant is useful to hold the scooter (one foot on the scooter pad, both brakes squeezed tight) whilst you hook up your dog.
Once you are rolling, keep your fingers on the brake levers, and use your brakes lightly as needed to keep the gangline tight at all times. Ride to the side, not directly behind your dog and have fun!
Watch your gangline carefully - you do not want to ride over it and get it stuck round your front wheel or the dog's leg. Keeping the lines tight is your responsibility and can be done by using the scooter brakes lightly whenever the dog slows down. Do not let the scooter ride up next to the dog. The dog's job is always to hold the line out tight in front of the scooter. Novice dogs may pull sideways sniffing and lifting their legs. They will suddenly stop to poo as running causes the bowels to move. When first training the dog, steer the scooter to one side of him so that if he stops suddenly, you will miss him if you can't stop in time. Do not ride directly behind him.
If your dog gets confused, you or your helper can run beside him with a leash while the other rides the scooter. Keep encouraging him to pull. Heel trained dogs may be unsure that it's okay to be out front and pulling. Once they catch on, most dogs really love the pulling and running aspects of scootering. Again start off with short distances and build up gradually. Another way to encourage your dog to run is by getting somebody (your assistant!) to cycle in front calling your dog on.
A very important part of the training is command training. Remember, you cannot easily reach your dog without stopping and getting off the scooter and it may be too late to sort the issues, so an obedient dog which listens to your commands is very important. It will also make the experience far more pleasurable if both of you know what you are doing and what is expected.
The basic commands are "Gee" for right turn, "Haw" for left turn, "Straight on" for straight on, "On by" for overtaking or passing a distraction. There are many other commands such as "Hike on" or "Get on" for speeding up, or "Steady" or "Easy" for slowing down. Many people use these commands or variants of these, but the main thing to remember is to be consistent. "Whoa" is essential to get down before hooking him up to the scooter. Having good brakes on the scooter is essential for stopping dogs as most dogs consider the command "whoa" as only a suggestion!
Teach your dog mushing commands even when out walking to get them used to them:
Some basic commands:
Gee = Go Right Haw = Go Left Straight On = Straight On Hike / Pull = Go Forward Whooa = Gentle Stop Trail = Stay on the trail On By = Go past (e.g. past a distraction) Easy = Go Slower
These are just examples. Use whatever commands you feel comfortable with; just keep them consistent.
The younger a dog is in terms of training, the easier it tends to be to train them. However when it comes to strenuous pulling exercises, it is advisable to let them finish growing and for their hips to have fused before undertaking any serious training or exercise. Many dogs start being trained from 6 months to work in harness, but will not pull any significant weight for any distance until they are at least a year old. It is recommended to get your dog checked over by your vet before starting to scooter.
When and where can I do this?
Depending on your dogs overall demeanor and your general control, this can be done on virtually any off road trail that is firm enough to cycle on. Generally pavements and roads are not advisable as the hard surface will put impact pressure on the dogs joints and the risk of incidents with traffic and pedestrians is high.
The best time of year and weather to scooter in will heavily depend on your dogs coat and temperature tolerance, while it is typically a winter activity for densely coated northern breeds, other dogs with thinner coats would be able to run at virtually any time of year as long as you avoid particularly warm days.
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