Learn Dog Training: January 2011

Monday, 31 January 2011

Hundetrainer Ausbildung Hamburg

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Hundetrainer Erfurt

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DogWalk 2011 Erfurter-Tiertafel eV, wir laufen für einen guten Zweck

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Sunday, 30 January 2011

Speed Training Equipment

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Golf Instruction Tips-The Benefits of Golf Swing Software and Golf Training Equipment

Golf instruction tips, before the use of advanced technology such as golf swing software, golf training equipment, dvd and simulators used to be mainly confined to newspapers and magazines.

The increasing use of advanced technology means that the role of golf swing tips has lessened considerably..because now with golf swing trainers, dvd box sets and golf swing software which allows your teaching pro to analyse and critique your swing and look at it in the whole.

Golf instruction tips in this environment have a limited role..somewhat akin to putting on sticking plaster when you are suffering from pneumonia.

There is no doubt that some tips will help you improve your swing and scores in the short term. But there is a certain placebo effect at work here..and if your swing is fundamentally unsound then a more thorough overall approach will reap rewards in the long run.

Tips that you may receive from your friends or teaching pro will assist you practically immediately, but if your overall swing is fundamentally flawed through poor fundamentals such as grip, set up or posture, then your original problem will occur again.

It is for this reason that I would strongly advise that you make the most of the advances in technology such as the use of golf swing software, high speed photography and golf dvd to improve your swing.

You can learn more about golf swing trainers, golf training equipment and the full benefits of modern technology at my blog..

About the Author

For FREE golf tips, instruction, video, golf software, golf equipment and DVD stop by HowToFixASlice.com
MizunoGolf.Info
MizunoGolfIrons.com

Speed Training Equipment-Run Rocket-Sprint Trainer

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Treinador Caes

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Domene Adestramento - Truques Avançados 02

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Saturday, 29 January 2011

Pitbull Training Equipment

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Is Weight Pull Training Right for your Pitbull?

Weight pull is a sport for those who want to do something with their dog that doesn't involve tiny leashes, points for color, or special "paper's" and who love to work with their dog to acheive a goal. If that's you, then weight pull may be your thing.

While Pit Bull's are excellent at weight pull it's not for everyone or for every dog. Training a dog in weight pull takes time, dedication, money, and if you're like me and live in an area with very few, if any pulling events you'll have to travel out of town to events. Which again costs money and time.

I don't want to turn you off to the idea of getting involved though. I just thought it fair that you know before hand some of the sacrafices that will be made.

Weight pull is a fun and exciting way to meet other Pitbull owner's as well. Your dog is also meeting new doggy friends and getting some great socialization to boot. Weight pull can also be a rewarding experience as it takes dedication to really excel at the sport.

What exactly is a weight pull?

Pulls are held on three different types of terrain. Snow, dirt and rail.

For dirt, a cart with four wheels, and a rail system is set up on rails with the cart on them.

Rails is where you see monster weights over 6,000 pounds being pulled. Record weights can reach 8,000 lbs.

Whether the dog is on snow, dirt, or rail the distance is usually 16 feet (the ADBA is 15 feet).

Dogs are required to pull the weight the distance in 60 seconds or without fail.

Once 60 seconds is up and the dog hasn't completed the distance the pull is over and the dog is allowed to complete the pull with help.

Different organizations have different rules as well. For example, the IWPA and the UKC do not allow "baiting" while the the ADBA does.

Baiting is using something to lure the dog to you, like their favorite toy or treats. All three orgranizations state you can not touch your dog in any manner while pulling and physical corrections are also penalized.

So is weight pull right for you?

Only one way to find out, contact the International Weight Pull Association and see if you can find a pull in your area.

Go to the pull, experience it, and afteward you'll have a pretty good idea if it's for you and your dog or not. If your dog is registered with the UKC and/or the ADBA you can also contact them.

Most people that I know with Pit Bulls in weight pull prefer the IWPA because they are an exclusive pulling club and have high quality events.

Pitbull Training Area

About the Author

Pitbull Training Area

Montrose Dog Beach Pitbull Training

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Friday, 28 January 2011

Pet Agree Training Device

THE EFFECT of INERMEDIATE EFL LEARNERS’ LEXICAL INFERENCE from KNOWLEDGE SOURCES on LISTENING COMPREHENSION IMPROVEMENT

Abstract

This study adopted both quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate the effect of Intermediate EFL learners’ lexical inference from knowledge sources on listening comprehension improvement. The participants were 63 Intermediate EFL learners homogenized by a Preliminary English Test and divided randomly into two groups of experimental and control, 33 and 30 participants in each group respectively. The researcher made use of 30 participants called the survey group as a standard source to deduce the pack of knowledge sources by means of think aloud protocols. The effects of knowledge sources were examined on experimental group, using podcast monologue audio short stories. The results indicated that practicing knowledge sources had a significant effect on the listening comprehension improvement of EFL learners at intermediate level. They also showed that majority of learners who employed knowledge sources had positive attitudes about the use of such kinds of sources on their listening comprehension improvement.

Introduction

According to Soria(2001), a necessity for learning a second or foreign language is that the learners should be exposed to the language, in writing and/or in speech. Such language experience or input may either be comprehensible or incomprehensible to the learners, so to figure out the incomprehensible ones, and for the reason of improbability of knowing every single one of the words in a language, learners have to make use of some compensation strategies to tackle the problem. Otherwise, the real intention of the speaker or writer may be understood wrongly or even communication may break down completely. ( Babaei & Riazi, 2005).

While in production learners use communication strategies to compensate for the absence of words for which they have meanings, in comprehension inferential strategies are needed to compensate for the absence of meanings attached to unknown words.(Haastrup, 1991, p. 21, Soria, 2001, Babaee & Riazi, 2005). Communication strategies generally have been defined as devices employed by L2 learners when they encounter problems in L2 communication as their communicative ends have outrun their communicative means (Corder, 1983; Faerch Kasper, 1983; Paribakht, 1985; Soria,2001). According to Tricia Hedge(2008), when learners use gesture, mime, synonyms, paraphrase, and cognate words from their first language to make themselves understood and maintain a conversation, despite the gaps in their knowledge of the second language, they are using communication strategies.

Inference is such a cognitive strategy which has been defined as “the process of arriving at a hypothesis, idea or judgment on the basis of other knowledge, ideas or judgments” (Richards, Platt & Platt, 1999; Soria, 2001). As evident from the definition, to generate inference, one has to rely on certain knowledge sources ( Babaei & Riazi 2005). Wesche and Paribakht (1999) argue that much if not most lexical development in both L1 and L2 appears to occur as learners attempt to comprehend new words they hear or read in context. A lot of researchers have set forth different sources of knowledge one may resort to in constructing lexical inference. Haastrup (1991 cited in Soria, 2001, Babaei & Riazi 2005) suggested three sources, namely, contextual, intralingual, and interlingual, that readers may use in making lexical inference. Contextual clues refer to one or two words from the immediate co-text of the new word, the whole sentence containing the new word, a specific part of the co-text beyond the sentence containing the new word or unspecified part of the text which may help the global understanding of the whole text.

Intralingual clues pertain to the features of the new word and the inference maker's reliance on his/her information about phonology, orthography, morphology (the meaning of stem, prefix, and suffix), word class and collocations to guess the meaning. Finally, interlingual sources have to do with a language other than the second language, e.g. readers' first language. Using this clue, inference makers rely on their knowledge of mother tongue or another language to guess the meaning of a word in their second language. As far as L1 is concerned, one can rely on phonological, orthographical, morphological, lexical and collocation similarities between L1 and L2.

The purpose of the present study was to figure out how practicing knowledge sources had significant effects on EFL learners' improvement according to their lexical inference on listening comprehension and how learners who employed knowledge sources thought about the use of such kinds of sources on their listening comprehension improvement.

Research Questions

To fulfill the purpose of this study which was to see whether exercising knowledge sources has any effect on EFL learners’ listening comprehension the following research questions were raised:

Q1: Does practicing lexical inference from knowledge sources have any significant effect(s) on listening comprehension improvement of intermediate EFL learners?

Q2: What are the learners’ attitudes who employed pack of knowledge sources about the impact of such kinds of sources on their listening comprehension improvement?

Method

Participants

A group of 96 Persian-speaker adult learners of English as a foreign language at intermediate level who were selected and they were given a homogeneity test which was a Preliminary English Test (PET) as a pretest. Total number of the participants who met the necessary condition based on the level of language proficiency were 67 participants whose scores fell below and above the mean on the normal distribution curve, and they were divided randomly to 34 participants in experimental and 33 participants in the control group, however, at the end due to subject mortality, 33 subjects remained in the experimental and 30 subjects remained in the control group. Also the researcher made use of the other group called the survey one composed of 30 participants from which she deduced the knowledge sources for examining their effect on the experimental & controlling the variable of knowledge sources on the control group for comparing the result with that of the experimental one. It has to be mentioned that the subjects in experimental and control group took part in the study during a semesters. Moreover, the subjects were all females for controlling the sex factor.

Instrumentation

The instruments used in this research study fall into five main categories; tests & rating scales, instructional tasks, think-aloud method, CALLA model and retrospective interviews.

Preliminary English Test(PET)

A Preliminary English Test (PET) with both multiple choice and open-ended item types was used to assure the homogeneity of each group of participants. PET consisted of three main sections; reading and listening in the first part, writing in the second part and speaking in the third.

The first section included 35 multiple-choice reading comprehension questions for the reading passages, 45 multiple choice listening comprehension items, the second section consisted of 4 fill-in-the-blank items plus 6 letters writing for the writing section. The third section consisted of an interview which was divided to four parts. Each phase fulfilled specific functions. In part one, the subjects answered general questions about themselves. In part two, they had to exchange ideas and in part three the interviewer asked the students to talk about something/ picture for instance and talk about questions by help of the picture. In part four, the interviewer and the students engaged in a discussion of more abstract issues; their likes and dislikes, talk about their favorite sport or movie for instance.

The test was administered in 2 sessions; reading and listening was administered in one session with one hour and forty five minutes allocated time, and the writing and speaking section was administered in another session with one hour and thirty minutes allocated time on writing and ten to twelve minutes on speaking. This test was used as a pretest for homogenizing the sample on part of their proficiency level, based on which only those subjects were selected for final data analysis whose scores fell one standard deviation above and below the mean. The test was piloted first in a way that it was administered to another group consisting 50 participants to make sure that it was a reliable test for the researchers’ original subjects.

Listening Achievement Test

To test the null-hypothesis of the study, a teacher-made test as an achievement test composed of fifty multiple choice test was used as a posttest on Thumbelina short story to measure their ability on listening. As it was a mock test, the test was piloted first, to the group consisted of 50 participants before running it to both experimental and control group to assure its reliability & validity. The audio text was selected from the site www.storynory.com

Rating Scale for Rating the Retrospective Interviews

In order to be objective in rating the interview, a rating scale was used by two raters. This rating scale was divided to three parts of be agreed, disagreed and undecided of the participants and received a rate ranging from 1 to 3.

Podcast Audio Short Story Task

A number of five podcast audio short stories texts were administered as a task to the experimental group for helping them learning knowledge sources. The genre of these audios was narrative just like previous studies. They were chosen among audio texts for the nature of the study and they were all selected at www.candlelightstories.com & storynory.com.

Concurrent Think-aloud

Concurrent think-aloud was supportive to deduce the knowledge sources in the survey group because it is said that if individuals' performance and verbalization do not take place simultaneously, it is probable that some part of the information is missing while individuals are producing verbal reports. Moreover, the information may be filtered in the sense that the participants may well report what they think the researcher is after and ignore what they attended to at the time of accomplishing the task (Green, 1998, Soria, 2001, Babaee & Riazi, 2005).

Pair Think-aloud

According to Soria (2001), Babaei & Riazi (2005), pair think-aloud is considered ideal because one can find out how learners infer on their own accord rather than if they were seated singly in front of a tape recorder and asked to verbalize alone. The interaction and negotiation that invariably occur when two people discuss enriches the wealth of information that think aloud method (TAM) offers.

Retrospective Interviews

According to Soria (2001), Babaei & Riazi (2005), retrospective interviwes were employed for increasing the reliability of using knowledge sources, in a way that, for identifying the difference between knowing the knowledge sources and not knowing them, an interview composed of twenty questions with was utilized for both groups of the study. One more rater assisted the researcher in the interview.

Procedure

In order to be able to test the null hypothesis of this research study, several steps were taken successively.

Preliminary English Test

In the first step, 96 female subjects were selected from the intermediate level and the standardized proficiency test (PET) was administered to those 96 selected subjects. In order to satisfy and ensure the assumption of homogeneity of the sample group, only 67 subjects whose scores fell within the range of one standard deviation above and below the mean were selected and randomly divided into the two control and experimental groups. However, due to subject mortality later on, 33 subjects remained in experimental and 30 subjects remained in the control group for the post test.

Rating Scales

In the second step, speaking and writing sections of pre-test was administered by two raters. All the oral productions were recorded on an MP3 player to be subsequently marked by two raters. Then, the next step was training the other rater who was the researcher's friend with an MA degree in language teaching and sufficient teaching experience. The researcher and the other rater did couple of sample rating together to ensure the same understanding of the two scales. After that, they rated the participants' oral and written performances.

Transcription of Think-aloud Protocols

In the third step, the participants verbalized their thoughts in their first language or the target one up to them and transcription and translation were done on the part of the researcher.

Table1.Transcription Conventions (Adapted from He, 1998, p. 113, Babaee & Riazi 2008)

CAPS

[

(( ))

…

emphasis, signaled by pitch or volume

overlapped talk

latched talk

additional observation

rapid speech

short pause

medium/long pause

Data Analysis

For investigating the research question, the following data was carried out.

THE SKEWNESS OF THE SCORES (PET PRETEST)

Table 2. Checking the Skewness of the Scores of PET.

Statistics Experimental Statistics Control

Mean

75.61

Std.Error of Mean

.520

Std. Deviation

2.989

Skewnwss

.796

Std. Error of Skewness

.409

Mean

74.30

Std.Error of Mean

.268

Std. Deviation

1.466

Skewnwss

1.902

Std. Error of Skewness

.427

The gained values for experimental and control groups were 0.9 and 0.5, respectively.

Because the values were smaller than 1.96, it was concluded that the samples were normally

distributed at each group. Therefore, the researcher was able to run a t- test.

Table3. Independent t-test of PET.

Group Statistics

CODE

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Group 1

73.62

75.55

1.155

3.032

.198

.538

Independent Sample Test

Leven’s Test for Equality of variences

t-test for Equality of Means

Sig

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Group Equal variances

assumed

Equal variances

not assumed

49.528

.000

-3.458

-3.420

40.864

.001

-1.93

.557

.564

Lower

Upper

-3.041

-3.066

-.815

-.789

The t-test results came out to be statistically significant at 0.05 level (t= 3.4, df = 65, p=

0.001< 0.05). Consequently, the results indicated that there was a significant difference between the control group and experimental group with respect to their mean score on the pretest, with control group having a mean higher than the experimental group ( 75.55 > 73.62 ).

Therefore, three subjects who had high scores in the control group and one subject who had low score in the experimental group were excluded from the study. Hence, the researcher had to check the normality of the distribution again to be able to run the t-test to make sure that excluding the subjects from the control and experimental groups made the two groups become homogenous. For this purpose, the researcher computed the Skewness of the scores and divided it by the standard error of skewness.

Table.4. Checking Skewness of the scores after excluding the subjects.

Statistics Experimental Statistics Control

Mean

52.545

Std.Error of Mean

1.2491

Std. Deviation

7.1757

Skewnwss

-.350

Std. Error of Skewness

.409

Mean

46.550

Std.Error of Mean

1.2409

Std. Deviation

6.7967

Skewnwss

.430

Std. Error of Skewness

.427

The gained values for experimental and control groups were 0.51 and 0.2, respectively.

Because the values were smaller than 1.96, it was concluded that the samples were normally

distributed at each groups. Therefore, the researcher was able to run a t- test.

Table.5. Independent t-test after excluding the subjects for PET.

Group Statistics

CODE

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Group 1

77.94

76.00

3.445

2.421

.600

.442

Independent Sample Test

Leven’s Test for Equality of variences

t-test for Equality of Means

Sig

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Group Equal variances

assumed

Equal variances

not assumed

1.359

.248

2.561

2.603

57.4

.013

.012

1.94

.757

.745

Lower

Upper

.425

.448

3.454

3.431

The t-test results indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean score of control and experimental groups with respect to their overall proficiency after excluding the subjects (t= 2.5, df = 61, p= 0.01< 0.05) ( i.e., mean of control group= 76, mean of experimental group= 77.94). Therefore, the experimental and control group were proved to be homogeneous with respect to their overall proficiency and, thus, the researcher could start the treatment phase.

The Skewness of the Scores of the Posttest

Table 6. Checking the Skewness of the Scores of the Posttest

Statistics Experimental Statistics Control

Mean

30.67

Std.Error of Mean

1.707

Std. Deviation

9.806

Skewnwss

.493

Std. Error of Skewness

.409

Mean

12.60

Std.Error of Mean

.756

Std. Deviation

4.141

Skewnwss

.059

Std. Error of Skewness

.427

The gained values for the experimental group came out to be 0.82 which was lower than 1.96,showing that the sample in the experimental group was normally distributed. For the control group, however, the value came out to be 7.2 which was higher than 1.96, showing that the sample in the control group was not normally distributed. Therefore, since the scores

of one of the groups were not distributed normally running t-test was not legitimated and the

Mann- Whitney was used.

Table 7. Mann-Whitney for Posttest of the Experimental and Control Group.

Ranks

GROUP

Mean Rank

Sum of Ranks

TOTAL experimental

control

Total

47.00

15.50

1551.00

465.00

Test Statistics

TOTAL

Mann- Whitney

Wilcox on W

Sig.(2-tailed)

.000

.65.000

-6.824

.000

According to table, the results of the Mann-whitney test indicated that at the 0.05 level of

significance there was a significant difference between the mean rank of the control group and that of the experimental group on the listening post-test (U= 0, N1= 33, N2= 30, P=0 < 0.05). In other words, the listening proficiency of the control and experimental groups differed significantly at the end of the treatment period, (i.e., mean rank of control group= 15.5 and mean rank of experimental group= 47) which showed that experimental group out-performed the control group.

After the study was done, in order to make the nature of the research more qualitative, the researcher used an interview using for the experimental group to know their attitudes towards using knowledge sources, mentioning the fact that inter-rater consistency was calculated as well.

Table8.The Inter-rater consistency of the experimental oral interview

Correlations

Rater 1

Rater 2

Rater 1 Pearson correlation sig(2-tailed)

.855

.000

Rater 2 Pearson correlation sig (2-tailed)

.855

.000

As the table shows, correlation between the two ratings came out t be statistically significant

at 0.01 level of significance (r= 0.85); therefore, the researcher legitimately computed the mean rating between the two raters to be considered as the final score of the subjects' opinions in the interview. The researcher made use of percentile rank to make sure that what percentages of learners in the experimental group were agreed, undecided or disagreed with practicing knowledge sources for listening comprehension improvement. The data was tabulated herein.

Table 9. Percentile rank for the experimental group in using the knowledge sources

statistics

Rater1

Rater2

Mean

Percentiles 100

1.67

2.00

1.48

2.00

Rater 1

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Disagreed

Undecided

Agreed

Total

9.1

15.2

75.8

100.0

9.1

15.2

75.8

100.0

9.1

24.2

100.0

Rater 2

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Disagreed

Undecided

Agreed

Total

15.2

21.2

63.6

100.0

15.2

21.2

63.6

100.0

15.2

36.4

100.0

To test the second research question and make the study more qualitative, retrospective interviews were run and percentages of those learners who were disagree, undecided and agreed for using the knowledge sources with the help of a rating scale ranging 0 to 2 were calculated. According to the table, as the percentile came out to be 2 , it showed that majority of learners in the experimental group had positive attitudes towards using knowledge sources.

Discussions and Conclusions

The result of this study showed that there was a statistically significant between experimental and control groups' listening comprehension improvement at intermediate level by practicing the knowledge sources. Also majority of learners in the experimental group had positive attitudes towards using knowledge sources for their listening comprehension improvement.

The results of this study also adds another piece of evidence to the body of literature on the importance of teaching knowledge sources in foreign language learning, this time with the specific focus on one of the most important and vital language skills, i.e. listening. Moreover, it can be asserted that the model used to teach the knowledge sources was a practical and useful one.

Pedagogical Implications

The findings of the present study have implications for learners, teachers, and teacher educators in the realm of TEFL in particular and education in general. Where learners of EFL have been educated in a more teacher-centered, top-down curriculum rather than one that promotes learners’ autonomy and independence, knowledge sources instruction could prove most effective. The students who participated in this study reacted positively to the pair think-aloud procedure. All participants reported learning something from the experience.

Learner familiarity with the theme and topic of the text was an important source of clues for inferring the meanings of unknown words. Most students enjoyed the theme of the stories. The majority of the students gave favorable feedback on the texts that were used for this study. Thus, the text type and theme evidently influenced learners in terms of both their motivation and their success in lexical inferencing. It should be noted that unlike most of studies as subjects were treated as objects by ignoring their agency, the data presented in this study have provided evidence in support of a principle of a theory of activity and learners were real subjects and real agents in this study as they engaged to complete the task at hand and even their attempts to reframe the task can be seen as the dynamic nature of the activity. This study has argued for an awareness of subjects as individual agents involved in shaping their activity by speaking out their minds. It is in the same boat like what Lantolf (2009), mentioned that the study of human beings must focus on conscious individuals as they act upon themselves and their environment in a dynamic manner to show the vibrant of the activity.

References

Babaee, N, & Riazi A, (2008) .Iranian EFL female students' lexical inferencing and its

Relationship to their L2 proficiency. Reading Matrix, 8,186-196.

Cain, K., Lemmon, K., & Oakhill, L. (2004). Individual differences in the inference of wordmeaning from context: The influence of reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and memory capacity. Educational Psychology, 96, 671-681.

Dubin, F., & Olshtain, E. (1993). Predicting word meanings from contextual clues: Evidence from L1 readers. In T. Huckin, M. Haynes & J. Coady (Eds.) Second Language Reading and Vocabulary Learning (pp. 181-202). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation,p.3-13.

Garnham, A. (1992). Minimalism versus constructionism: A false dichotomy in theories of inference during reading. Psycholoquy [Online serial], 92 (3). Retrieved on December 29,

2003, from http://www.ai.univie.ac.at/archives/Psycoloquy/1992.V3/0062.html

Haastrup, K. (1990). Developing learners’ procedural knowledge in comprehension. In R. Phillipson, E. Kellerman, L. Selinker, M. Sharwood Smith, & M. Swain (Eds.), Foreign/second language pedagogy research (pp. 120-133). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Hudson, T. (1998). Theoretical perspectives in reading. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18, 43-60.

Lantolf .P .James(2009). Socio-cultural theory and second language learning. China: Oxford University Press, 3, 79-95.

Nassaji, H. (2004). The relationship between depth of vocabulary knowledge and L2

learners' lexical inferencing strategy use and success. Canadian Modern Language Review,

61(1), 107-134.

Paribakht, T. S., & Wesche, M. (1999). Reading and “incidental” L2 vocabulary acquisition: An introspective study of lexical inferencing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 195-218.

Soria, J. (2001). A study of Ilokano learners’ lexical inferencing procedures through thinkaloud. Second Language Studies, 19 (2), 77-110.

Thomas, Barbara., & Ashton Sharon. (2006). Preliminary English Test (PET). London: Longman Group Uk Limited, 2, 94-126.

Yamini,M, & Rahimi,M. (2007). A guide to statistics and SPSS for research in TEFL, linguistics and related disciplines. Shiraz: Koshamehr, 60, 111-150.

About the Author

House Session 2011-03-02 (16:14:37-17:18:15)

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Thursday, 27 January 2011

Best Dog Training

What is the best dog training video?

Short answer: The best starting out video, in my opinion is Clicker Magic, by Karen Pryor.

It can be found on Karen's clicker training website:
http://www.clickertraining.com/store/

and at dogwise.com:
http://www.dogwise.com/itemdetails.cfm?ID=DTB519

Long answer: There are two camps in animal training.

First is traditional punishment training; using choke collars, prong collars, electric shock collars, and general aversive methods. The idea is that the animal will learn to avoid the punishment of a leash jerk by complying with the command. Unfortunately, for many breeds, this can actually cause a dog to become aggressive, and may teach any dog to be generally mistrustful of both their owner and people in general. I suggest you be wary of those who tell you to yell at your dog or punish him for misbehavior.

In the other camp is positive reinforcement training; the common tool for this type of training is a clicker, treats, toys and general praise and positive stimuli. The idea is that by rewarding the behavior you want, your animal will be far more likely to offer that behavior again and again.

The founder of this technique, Karen Pryor, describes it best:

“Clicker training” is the popular term for the training or teaching method based on what we know about how living organisms learn.

Research has shown that any creature—whether a dog, cat, dolphin, parrot, fish, horse, llama, or person—is more likely to learn and repeat actions that result in consequences it desires and enjoys. So clicker trainers provide consequences desired by their animal in exchange for actions or behaviors desired by their trainers.

We call these consequences “rewards” and the process is called “reinforcement.” Clicker training, therefore, is a positive-reinforcement-based system of training.

Guide Dog Training : Guide Dog Training: Best Breeds

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Wednesday, 26 January 2011

Dog Allergies Treatment

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Go Online To Find The Very Best Dog Grooming Supplies by Sierra Whitestone

It has been many years since you lived with a dog although you was raised surrounded by them. Given that your housegold has finally relocated to the new property, you are going to buy your son that Labrador retriever puppy you had promised him two years ago. It's going to be good for him to have a pet to be responsible for, and you plan to show him how to properly train, care for and groom a dog. You are pretty excited by what lies ahead.

The nearest town is thirty miles up the highway, and it's a small town. There's a pet store there, but it's a pretty sorry excuse for a pet store - a selection of collars, squeaky toys, treats, dog and cat food, big bags of kitty litter, and a smattering of aquarium supplies. You suspect that you will be purchasing most of your dog grooming supplies online.

## Coat care supplies

You remember the Labs that your pop kept when you were a child. The Black Labs shed out a couple of times a year and the Yellow Lab, or so it seemed, shed all year long. Thankfully, they were all outside dogs, hunting dogs that had their own kennel. Your son's puppy however is going to be an inside dog and will demand a lot of grooming. You're going to require a short-haired rake, a wire slicker brush, and a narrow toothed grooming comb.

## Skin care supplies

You are also going to need to invest in some superior quality dog shampoo. The dog is going to be spending a lot of time in the lake and so he will not really need bathing all that often, but a good zinc based shampoo that can both maintain the health of his skin as well as act as something of a pet odor remover might be a good idea.

## Tooth care

While you are going to carefully watch what your dog eats and make certain he gets lots of dental treats (not bones which can cause digestive problems), you're also going to invest in a finger brush and show your son how to keep his dog's teeth and gums healthy.

## Claw care

While you definitely don't need any fancy grinders you're going to need to have a good reliable set of nail clippers to make sure that you can keep this claws even with his paw pads. Some sort of styptic is probably a good idea on the off chance that you or your son ever inadvertently cuts to the quick.

If you are looking for good dog grooming supplies and you do not live in close proximity to a decent pet store you might consider asking your breeder or a local groomer (if there is one) which brands they like to use. Most companies that supply dog grooming supplies and dog care products have websites these days. Google searches are a great place to start whether you are trying to find for "dog allergies treatment", "dog shedding remedies", "best dog grooming brushes".

About the Author

Need an effective natural solution for dog hot spots or perhaps epilepsy in dogs? Evolution Pets - Natural Pet Remedies for Dog Skin Problems, Hot Spots, Dandruff, and Dog Seizures. Visit EvolutionSupply.com for more information.
An Overview of Pet Allergies

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Dog Training Australia

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Golden retriever attack its 60 yr old owner, n his owner put it 2 slp. can any1 save the dog ?
in local news, there is 60 year old lady arm was severly bitten by Golden retriever ,which is 11 years. The dog attacked her because she was slapping the other companion dog . Personally ,this dog had champion blood and imported from australia , it used to with his 1st trainer who passed away due to old age , and change to at least 2 owners Currently this is the third owner.The old lady was severly injured , and The family decided to sent the dog away and put it to sleep . I felt that this is issue of owners and the mentality of the pet owners. They didnt train the dog properly and stand in the view of the dog. A dog having change so many owner had a sense of insecurity , this Golden retriever is put 2 sleep. Some of them keep thier dog in cage . SPEAK up for the PETS This is very depressing .

If the owner had dominance over the dogs, it never would have happened. Bottom line is that the dog bit a person. It needs to be put to sleep. Period.

K9 Australia - Dog Training Tips

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Tuesday, 25 January 2011

Pet Trainer

Expert Puppy Pet Trainer Basics Online To Discipline Your K-9

In accordance to the different commands that the puppy has to be trained to understand, the animal needs to be pre-conditioned. Besides training the puppy you may need to hire the services of an expert veterinarian, or someone who will provide regular advice on pets for better pet health as well as improving the pet lifestyle.

Learn more about your pet:

It is normal for a puppy to chew at things and growl at strangers or just about anyone who comes to your home. It may cry and bark all the time which is again normal, but you need to train it to stop! You will need to hire the services of an expert pet trainer and if you don't find expert trainer options, then you will have to look up pet social networking sites where a lot of information of pet health and lifestyle is available. It is important to stick with the training of the puppy because it will surely worth it by the time the baby becomes an adult, which really doesn't take more than a year.

Expert puppy pet trainer basics are offered by a number of online and offline training classes. You can crate train your puppy on your own and contrary to what meets the eye, it is not a cruel thing. Choose a leash which will keep the puppy close to you while taking it for a walk. With an extension leash you will not be able to control a newly adopted pup. The best way to begin is to start training the pup right away. Good habits can be taught to the puppy from birth. The social networking site for pet lovers provides a lot of information on training pets.

Easier to train than run behind:

One important tip to remember is to try and use short commands. Repeating the command each time the dog has to follow an instruction is very important. The tasks the dog has to do should be reinforced in such a way that the animal understands the importance of discipline in the home and relationship. If you have bought a pup from the pet rescue then too you may have to put in a bit of extra effort to train the puppy. It is easier to train the animal when small. Also important is to find expert veterinarian care to address the pet's health. Just training the pet is not enough. You need to hire the services of an expert veterinarian whenever the pet does not feel well. A healthy pet will take to commands better.

Expert puppy pet trainer basics are offered by a number of training classes and at pet stores and kennels. If you have a friend referring the trainer, it can be one of the best options to consider. Many a times the trainers offer a guarantee, so you can take a look at the contract first. An open line of communication can be developed between the owner and the puppy by training it appropriately. There are a number of social networking sites for pets which provide you with a better understanding of pet symptoms, pet symptom diagnosis and expert pet advice to take the training to a whole new level.

About the Author

When you first start training your dog it may seem very difficult, Expert trainer can help you to be trained your pet so find expert trainer for good care and training. Pet health care, constant discipline and reprimanding may make he process seem rather harsh in the beginning.

Siberian husky & his dog training demo

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Dog Obedience Training School

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Secrets To Dog Obedience Training. How To Solve Over 25 Dog Behavioural Problems

Dog obedience traing can be difficult when not carried out correctly. How do you stop a dog from doing something you wish he or she wouldn't do? It isn't always easy, especially when the dog sets its mind to doing it. Here are some suggestions to help you change the dog's bad habits and improve your dog obedience training.

Dogs will constantly do what works for them. Any behavior that your dog displays, positive or negative, he/she does it because it gets them something they want. If its bad behavior that you don't like or appreciate- think about what they get out of it and then take that away from the dog- the bad behavior will stop or change. Dog obedience training always starts with the right step. For instance, dogs generally jump up on people when they come home because they get some form of attention. Remove the attention and they will stop jumping up on you. You can remove the attention by saying "NO" with a firm voice and leave the room (closing a door works especially well) Don't hit the animal. Wait a few seconds and try to re-enter the room - repeat until the dog gives you a different behavior. Reinforce the new behavior by entering the room and giving the dog the attention he seeks.

Dogs don't generalize well and they are very context specific. That means that they can't make leaps of understanding the way people do. We look at a paper tree and see it as a tree. We look at a real tree and see it as a tree. We see a tree on TV and see it as a tree. These are generalizations. Dog's don't think that way. To your dog they are 3 very different things and they can't all be trees. A dogie example: you teach your dog to sit with a cookie but you always practice in the kitchen. Now you KNOW you have taught your dog sit and you take your dog outside where your husband is and try to get your dog to sit and he looks at you like you have 2 heads! Dog's are very context specific and they don't generalize well! Your dog only recognizes the command sit means SIT when he is in the kitchen. You have to teach your dog sit in 3 to 5 or more locations before your dog realizes that the command "sit" means the same thing EVERYWHERE! Sit in the kitchen is not the same as sit in the yard which is not the same thing as sit at the dog park and so on, this is how your dog thinks.

Determine why your dog is repeating the unwanted behavior. What is your dog getting for this behavior? Is it your attention, good or bad? Is it turning into a fun game for your dog? Again remove what your dog gets from the bad behavior and the bad behavior will change. If you have purchased your dog as a puppy, dog obedience traing early on is best advised to bring annoying habits under control

Sometimes you need to look at your own behavior. Do you leap to the dog's beck and call by yelling at it or cajoling it to stop? Maybe this is exactly what pooch wants from you. Even angry attention is attention - your dog craves to be noticed and part of the pack. If you only notice or give attention when your dog is acting up - you are responsible for "training" him to be bad.

Remove the behavioral stimulant. Once you determine what your dog is getting for its unwanted behavior, you can remove the action or attention that stimulates the behavior.

If you have adopted your dog as an older dog with habits that seem to be set in stone. Relax, they are not. Remember dogs are very context specific and that works to our favor. The dog now has a new pack and a new home and if you set the limits and expectations immediately when the dog arrives at his new home, he will learn. Sometimes when you are dealing with a hardwired behavior like a border collie that is herding the neighborhood kids instead of sheep, you cannot easily counter train that out. It it so much easier to manage the situation, rather than try to train him out of it, by keeping him away from running kids.

Remove any possible physical stimulants. If there are certain objects, toys, plants etc. in your house or garden that appear to "set off" your dog, consider removing them, at least until the dog loses its obsession with the object. This might take some detective work, or it may be incredibly obvious! Give them a toy that they like, that they will spend an hour playing with. Get a plastic easter egg, fill it with treats, then put it in an even larger egg. They will spend hours trying to get the treats out.

Always reward the dog for good behavior. When your dog behaves in a way you do want, such as laying down instead of barking, reward him or her. He or she will be much more likely to repeat the desired behavior and less likely to repeat the "bad" behavior. When incentives for bad behavior are withdrawn and incentives for good behavior are introduced consistently, the dog will soon learn the preferred response. As stated earlier dog obedience traing comes with having the right knowledge.

Tone down your behavior by not showing aggressiveness. Avoid yelling, cajoling or responding in any manner that gives the dog signals that you are excited, playful, dog-focused or really angry. Whilst you may feel very irritated, even angry, the dog may misinterpret this for playfulness or "joining in". Resist the temptation. Ignoring and silence is better than yelling - clean the mess up later after you send the dog elsewhere.

If your dog is running away from you and hiding you have a lot of work to do to redevelop your damaged relationship with your dog. Your dogs trust in you has been damaged and it will take a lot of consistency and positive reinforcement training on your part to mend the broken relationship and turn it into something fabulous!

Further Tips That May Help In Dog Obedience Training

Enroll your dog in an obedience class to open the lines of communication. Your dog will be much better behaved if you learn how to communicate what you do want, in addition to what you don't want. There is also online assistance in dog obedience training which is listed below.

Use treats for good behavior.

Research "clicker training" or "Positive Reinforcement training" on the internet. This is the "method" of teaching that dolphin trainers use to teach them all those wonderful behaviors.

If you want to go further than dog obedience training, you might like to consider a "dog listener" who can communicate with your dog and try to see what is causing the unwanted behavior.

Make them a toy that they can use.

The methods listed above are a good source of information for helping anyone in dog obedience training who may currently be experiencing some issues with their own dogs. Many people these days are resorting to training their dog from online assistance which greatly aids in convenience of time and being able to carry out dog obedience training from home as well. This is a worthwhile avenue if you want the convenience of dog obedience training from home

About the Author

Secrets to Dog Training Learn how to solve over 25 dog bevioural problems right now (aka SitStayFetch) has been the No. 1 dog training and behavior site for 4 years. This is a site that can teach your dog to behave even when your not around, and finally get rid of those bad habits once and for all.

Best Dog Training video

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Equipment For Dogs

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Important Ideas On Using Dog Grooming Clippers

Dogs are of various breeds have different hygiene needs. Because of this, some dogs may need grooming, using dog grooming clippers while others may not.

When a person decided to own a pet, he likewise decided for the kind of pet that he would want to have. Some might end up owning a cat, a dog or a bird. But, whatever pet a person may decides on, it is important to keep it clean.

In dog grooming, keep in mind that there are supplies required for different dogs. There are dog grooming brushes, dog grooming tables, and clippers. Each of these tools performs special work that would make your dog appear neat and cute.

Clippers are among the widely search and bought grooming supplies in the market. Some dogs need to be groomed frequently while others do not. If you want to know if the dog you want to buy needs clippers, here are some of the dogs that need dog grooming clippers:

Yorkshire Terrier - This cute terrier is one of people's favorite dog. Among the attraction of this breed is its fur, which is soft or silky. This type of fur is one that requires trimming.

When it comes to yorkier grooming, it is important to have clippers at hand. Keeping their fur trimmed allows them to have better movement and makes an improvement in their behavior.

Maltese - This dog usually does not weight more than six pounds. People like them because they are small, have white thick hair, and have a loving nature.

If you want to keep your Maltese dog suave and attractive all the time, brushes are not the only thing you need. You would also need clippers to keep its hair looking healthy and attractive. Moreover, because this breed is one of the kids' favorite, dog nail clippers is a must-to-have in Maltese grooming.

Australian Shepherd - is a top companion for energetic people or those who love to going jogging every day. And, though its name consists of a country's name, this active pet does not come from Australia.

The top grooming concern of this breed is also its coat. This is the reason why it is a must to trim and brush them as much as possible. When trimming its hair, pet owners should use the proper clippers to aid them.

Some other dog breeds that require clippers are those that posses long and thick furs like poodles. Also, it is very important for every dog owners to have the right kind of dog grooming clippers.

The market is filled with different brands and kinds of pet clippers. But, if you are a professional pet groomer, you will only want trust professional dog clippers. When it comes to brand, Andis dog grooming clippers and Oster clippers are the most popular brands.

Clippers also work in different manners. There are electric clippers and there are also those that have built in fans and coolers that benefits even the users.

Grooming is not just for human but dogs, too. In providing your dog with the right hygiene, you might want to equip yourself dog grooming clippers.

About the Author

Do you know which dog grooming clippers to buy? Go to http://www.doggroomingclippers1.com/ to get a list of the top clippers for your dog. Get a review of the which clippers have proven the best. Go now to <a href="http://www.doggroomingclippers1.com/">Dog grooming clippers</a>.

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K-9 Equipment

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Got charged with possesion of class d drug?
Well here is a run down of what happened me two of my friends got pulled over officer says he pulled us over for suspicious driving I say ok. he says why did you pull down this road we say my friends girlfriend lives down here but she couldn't come out. Says do you have any drug we say no then its fine to search your car. goes to his car comes back says you guys are acting suspicious asks again do you have any drugs tell me now it will make it alot easier and I wont have to search ur car say we yes gave him everything we had we had 2 grams pot and a grinder so he searches the car anyways finds my money which happened to be 250 cause i just got paid says are u selling drugs we say no. so at first he said I would have to sign a paper basically throwing my rights away and then no paper and had the k-9 come which tore apart my car found nothing broke shit. said your getting of on possesion of class d. wrote on citation form pulled over for defective equipment. sent on way

First off, if it took more than 15 min for the drug dog to get there, they HAVE to let you go. An officer has to have a legitimate reason to pull you over. You should have asked what type of suspicious driving was he speaking about. Third, next time they ask to search you car you can say NO. They need a search warrant to search any type of property, including a car. Make sure to know your rights before you get yourself into a really sticky legal matter.

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Monday, 24 January 2011

Hundetrainer Ausbildung Martin Rütter

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Sunday, 23 January 2011

Private Dog Training

Introduction to dog training technique

If you are serious about learning dog training technique, you've probably thought of different ways to do it. Some of the options don't suit your busy schedule, and some are too expensive and don't fit your family budget. Go on reading and I'll show you the best way to become your own dog training expert for an affordable to everybody price.

There are as many ways to teach something as there are dogs to be taught. There are old
traditional school when severe punishment was frequently used as a tool, and a modified traditional method with reinforcement as the most important way to strengthen or weaken a desirable behavior.

Reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by its consequences and only effective if presented at the moment the dog produces the target behavior.

Two forms of reinforcement - positive and negative - are used as a dog training technique. Don't get confused with punishment and negative reinforcement - they are two different learning phenomena, even though they often occurs together.

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the termination, reduction or avoidance of an undesirable consequence. To make it simple to understand in this conversation, "negative" means removal of an aversive. For instance, you tell the dog to sit while pulling up on the slip collar and push on it's rump. When the dog sits, you stop pulling, thus removing the unwanted action.

Punishment occurs in two ways. Positive punishment is the addition of some object or action that the dog finds aversive or undesirable. The dog continues to bark after being given a command to stop, and you squirt some water at it to startle it.

Negative punishment is the removal of some desirable object or action. You tell the dog to sit, but the dog leaps up trying to grab your attention. You turn around, fold your hands on chest and ignore it. You are taking away a very desirable object - your attention.

Let me compare three different ways to learn dog training technique.

- Sending your dog into a training camp or school. Might cost you thousands of dollars.
- Hire a private obedience trainer or start group classes. Less, but still pretty expensive.
- Electronic books, the cost of which is equal to one private lesson.

It's up to you to decide how you want to learn a dog training technique. I recommend to you to check the source I personally use myself.

About the Author

Click here to get an access to dog training technique.

Semi-Private Dog Training Classes

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Saturday, 22 January 2011

Cat Training Medal

Nancy Reagan

Early life

Anne Frances Robbins was born on July 6, 1921, at Manhattan's Sloane Hospital for Women in New York, the only child of car salesman Kenneth Seymour Robbins (18941972) and his actress wife, Edith Luckett (18881987). Her godmother was silent-film-star Alla Nazimova. She lived for her first two years in Flushing, Queens, in New York. While her parents divorced soon after her birth, they had already been separated for some time. As her mother traveled the country to pursue acting jobs, Nancy was raised in Bethesda, Maryland, for the next six years by her aunt Virginia and uncle Audley Gailbraith. Nancy describes longing for her mother during those years: "My favorite times were when Mother had a job in New York, and Aunt Virgie would take me by train to stay with her."

In 1929, her mother married Loyal Davis (18961982), a prominent, politically conservative neurosurgeon who moved the family to Chicago. Nancy and her stepfather got along very well; she would later write that he was "a man of great integrity who exemplified old-fashioned values". He formally adopted her in 1935, and she would always refer to him as her father. At the time of the adoption, her name was legally changed to Nancy Davis (since birth, she had commonly been called Nancy). She attended the Girls' Latin School of Chicago (describing herself as an average student), graduated in 1939, and later attended Smith College in Massachusetts, where she majored in English and drama and graduated in 1943.

Acting career

Nancy Davis poses for a publicity photo, 1950

Following her graduation, Davis held jobs in Chicago as a sales clerk in Marshall Field's department store and as a nurse's aide. With the help of her mother's colleagues in theatre, including Zasu Pitts, Walter Huston, and Spencer Tracy, she pursued a career as a professional actress. She first gained a part in Pitts' 1945 road tour of Ramshackle Inn, moving to New York City. She landed the role of Si-Tchun, a lady-in-waiting, in the 1946 Broadway musical about the Orient, Lute Song, starring Mary Martin and a pre-stardom Yul Brynner. The show's producer told her, "You look like you could be Chinese."

After passing a screen test, she moved to California and signed a seven-year contract with Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios (MGM) in 1949; she later remarked, "Joining Metro was like walking into a dream world." Davis appeared in 11 feature films, usually typecast as a "loyal housewife", "responsible young mother", or "the steady woman". She kept her professional name as Nancy Davis even after marrying. Her film career began with minor roles in 1949's The Doctor and the Girl with Glenn Ford, and followed with East Side, West Side starring Barbara Stanwyck. She played a child psychiatrist in the film noir Shadow on the Wall (1950) with Ann Sothern and Zachary Scott; her performance was called "beautiful and convincing" by New York Times critic A. H. Weiler. She co-starred in 1950's The Next Voice You Hear..., playing a pregnant housewife who hears the voice of God from her radio. Influential reviewer Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that "Nancy Davis [is] delightful as [a] gentle, plain, and understanding wife." A later critic admired the film's effort to convincingly portray Davis as pregnantany other films from the time neglected to do so. In 1951, Davis appeared in her favorite screen role, Night Into Morning, a study of bereavement starring Ray Milland. Crowther said that Davis "does nicely as the fiance who is widowed herself and knows the loneliness of grief," while another noted critic, The Washington Post's Richard L. Coe, said Davis "is splendid as the understanding widow." Davis left MGM in 1952, seeking a broader range of parts. She soon starred in the 1953 science fiction film Donovan's Brain; Crowther said that Davis, playing the role of a possessed scientist's "sadly baffled wife", "walked through it all in stark confusion" in an "utterly silly" film. In her last movie, Hellcats of the Navy (1957), she played nurse Lieutenant Helen Blair and shared the screen for the only time with her husband, playing what one critic called "a housewife who came along for the ride". Another reviewer, however, stated that Davis plays her part well, and "does well with what she has to work with".

Noted author Garry Wills believes that Davis was underrated as an actress overall, because her constrained part in Hellcats was her most widely seen performance. In addition, Davis downplayed her Hollywood goals: MGM promotional material in 1949 said that her "greatest ambition" was to have a "successful happy marriage"; decades later, in 1975, she would say, "I was never really a career woman but [became one] only because I hadn't found the man I wanted to marry. I couldn't sit around and do nothing, so I became an actress." Ronald Reagan biographer Lou Cannon nevertheless characterized her as a "reliable" and "solid" performer who held her own in performances with better-known actors. After her final film, she appeared for a brief time in television dramas Wagon Train and The Tall Man until 1962, when she retired as an actress. During her career, she served on the board of directors of the Screen Actors Guild for nearly 10 years. Decades later, Albert Brooks attempted to coax Reagan out of acting retirement by offering her the title role opposite himself in his 1996 film Mother. Reagan declined in order to care for her husband, and Debbie Reynolds played the part.

Marriage and family

Newlyweds Ronald and Nancy Reagan, March 4, 1952

During her career as an actress, Nancy Davis dated actors in Hollywood; she later called Clark Gable, whom she dated briefly, the nicest of the stars she had met. On November 15, 1949, she met Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild. Nancy had noticed that her name had appeared on the Hollywood blacklist and sought Reagan's help to maintain her employment as a guild actress in Hollywood, and for assistance in having her name removed from the list. Reagan informed her that she had been confused with another actress of the same name. The two began dating and their relationship was the subject of many gossip columns; one Hollywood press account described their nightclub-free times together as "the romance of a couple who have no vices". Ronald Reagan was skeptical about marriage, however, following his painful 1948 divorce from Jane Wyman, and he still saw other women. After three years of dating, he eventually proposed to Davis in the couple's favorite booth at the Beverly Hills restaurant Chasen's. They married on March 4, 1952 in a simple ceremony designed to avoid the press at the Little Brown Church in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. The only people in attendance were actor William Holden, the best man, and his wife, the matron of honor. The couple's first child, Patricia Ann Reagan (better known by her professional name, Patti Davis), was born on October 21, 1952. Their son, Ronald Prescott Reagan, was born six years later on May 20. Nancy Reagan also became stepmother to Maureen Reagan (19412001) and Michael Reagan (born 1945), the children of her husband's first marriage to Jane Wyman.

Nancy and Ronald Reagan on a boat in 1964

The Reagan family in 1967, shortly after Ronald Reagan's inauguration as Governor of California

Observers described Ronald and Nancy Reagan's relationship as intimate. As president and first lady, the Reagans were reported to display their affection frequently, with one press secretary noting, "They never took each other for granted. They never stopped courting." Ronald often called Nancy "Mommy"; she called him "Ronnie". While the President was recuperating in the hospital after the 1981 assassination attempt, Nancy Reagan wrote in her diary, "Nothing can happen to my Ronnie. My life would be over." In a letter to Nancy, Ronald wrote, "whatever I treasure and enjoy all would be without meaning if I didn have you." In 1998, while her husband was afflicted with Alzheimer's disease, Nancy told Vanity Fair, "Our relationship is very special. We were very much in love and still are. When I say my life began with Ronnie, well, it's true. It did. I can't imagine life without him." Nancy was known for the focused and attentive look, termed "the Gaze", that she fastened upon her husband during his speeches and appearances. President Reagan's death in June 2004 ended what Charlton Heston called "the greatest love affair in the history of the American Presidency."

Nancy's relationship with her children was not always as close as that with her husband; she frequently quarreled with her biological children and her stepchildren. Her relationship with Patti was the most contentious; Patti flouted American conservatism and rebelled against her parents by joining the nuclear freeze movement and authoring many anti-Reagan books. The nearly 20 years of family feuding left her very much estranged from both her mother and father. Soon after her father was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, Patti and her mother reconciled and began to speak on a daily basis. Nancy's disagreements with Michael were also public matters; in 1984, she was quoted as saying that the two were in an "estrangement right now". Michael responded that Nancy was trying to cover up for the fact she had not met his daughter, Ashley, who had been born nearly a year earlier. They too eventually made peace. Nancy was thought to be closest to her stepdaughter Maureen during the White House years, but each of the Reagan children experienced periods of estrangement from their parents.

First Lady of California, 19671975

Nancy as the First Lady of California

Reagan was First Lady of California during her husband's two terms as governor. She disliked living in Sacramento, which lacked the excitement, social life, and mild climate to which she was accustomed in Los Angeles. She first attracted controversy early in 1967, when, after four months' residence in the California Governor's Mansion in Sacramento, she moved her family into a wealthy suburb because fire officials had labeled the mansion as a "firetrap". Though the Reagans leased the new house at their expense, the move was viewed by many as snobbish. Nancy defended her actions as being for the good of her family, a judgment with which her husband readily agreed. Friends of the family later helped support the cost of the leased house, while Nancy Reagan supervised construction of a new ranch-style governor's residence in nearby Carmichael. The new residence was finished just as Ronald Reagan left office in 1975, but his successor, Jerry Brown, refused to live there. It was sold in 1982, and California governors have been living in improvised arrangements ever since.

In 1967 Nancy Reagan was appointed by her husband to the California Arts Commission, and a year later was named Los Angeles Times' Woman of the Year; in its profile, the Times labeled her "A Model First Lady". Her glamour, style, and youthfulness made her a frequent subject for press photographers. As first lady, Reagan visited veterans, the elderly, and the handicapped, and worked with a number of charities. She became quite involved with the Foster Grandparents Program, helping to popularize it in the United States, then in Australia. She later expanded her work with the organization after arriving in Washington, and wrote about her experiences in her 1982 book To Love a Child. The Reagans held dinners for former POWs and Vietnam War veterans while governor and first lady.

Role in 1976 and 1980 presidential campaigns

Main articles: United States presidential election, 1976 and United States presidential election, 1980

Governor Reagan's term ended in 1975, and he did not run for a third; instead, he met with advisors to discuss a possible bid for the presidency in 1976, challenging incumbent President Gerald Ford. Reagan still needed to convince a reluctant Nancy before running, however. She feared for her husband's health and his career as a whole, though she felt that he was the right man for the job and eventually approved. Nancy took on a more traditional role in the campaign, holding coffees, luncheons, and talks with senior citizens. With that, she oversaw personnel, monitored her husband's schedule, and occasionally provided press conferences. The 1976 campaign included the so-called "battle of the queens", contrasting Nancy with First Lady Betty Ford. They both spoke out over the course of the campaign on similar issues, but with different approaches. Nancy was particularly upset by the warmonger image that the Ford campaign had drawn of her husband.

Though he lost the 1976 Republican nomination, Reagan ran again for the presidency in 1980 and succeeded in winning the nomination and election. During this second campaign, Nancy played a very prominent role and her management of staff became more apparent. She arranged a meeting among feuding campaign managers John Sears and Michael Deaver and her husband, which resulted in Deaver leaving the campaign and Sears being given full control. After the Reagan camp lost the Iowa caucus and fell behind in New Hampshire polls, Nancy organized a second meeting and decided it was time to fire Sears and his associates; she gave Sears a copy of the press release announcing his dismissal. Her influence on her husband became particularly notable; her presence at rallies, luncheons, and receptions increased his confidence.

First Lady of the United States, 19811989

First Lady Nancy Reagan and President Reagan during the inaugural parade, 1981

White House glamour

Renovation

Nancy Reagan became the First Lady of the United States when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as president in January 1981. Early in her husband's presidency, Reagan stated her desire to create a more suitable "first home" in the White House, as the building had fallen into a state of disrepair following years of neglect. White House aide Michael Deaver described the second and third floor family residence as having "cracked plaster walls, chipped paint [and] beaten up floors;" rather than use government funds to renovate and redecorate, she sought private donations. Nancy directed a major renovation of several White House rooms, including all of the second and third floors and rooms adjacent to the Oval Office, including the press briefing room. The renovation included repainting walls, refinishing floors, repairing fireplaces, and replacing antique pipes, windows, and wires. The closet in the master bedroom was converted into a beauty parlor and dressing room, and the West bedroom was made into a small gymnasium.

The first lady secured the assistance of renowned interior designer Ted Graber, popular with affluent West Coast social figures, to redecorate the family living quarters. A Chinese-pattern, handpainted wallpaper was added to the master bedroom. Family furniture was placed in the president's private study. The first lady and her designer retrieved a number of White House antiques, which had been in storage, and placed them throughout the mansion.

The extensive redecoration was paid for by private donations. Many significant and long-lasting changes occurred as a result of the renovation and refurbishment, of which Nancy Reagan said, "This house belongs to all Americans, and I want it to be something of which they can be proud."

Fashion

The new first lady in her inaugural attire, 1981

Another of Nancy Reagan's trademarks was her interest in fashion. While her husband was still president-elect, press reports speculated about Nancy's social life and interest in fashion. In many press accounts, Nancy's sense of style was favorably compared to that of previous First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Friends and those close to her remarked that, while fashionable like Kennedy, she would be different than other first ladies; close friend Harriet Deutsch was quoted as saying, "Nancy has her own imprint."

Nancy Reagan's wardrobe consisted of dresses, gowns, and suits made by luxury designers, including James Galanos, Bill Blass, Adolfo, and Oscar de la Renta. Her white, hand-beaded, one shoulder Galanos 1981 inaugural gown was estimated to cost $10,000 while the overall price of her inaugural wardrobe was said to cost $25,000. She favored the color red, calling it "a picker-upper", and wore it accordingly. Her wardrobe included red so often, that the fire-engine shade became known as "Reagan red". She employed two private hairdressers that would style her hair on a regular basis in the White House.

Reagan models for Vogue magazine in the Red Room, 1981

Fashion designers were pleased with the emphasis Nancy Reagan placed on clothing. Adolfo said the first lady embodied an "elegant, affluent, well-bred, chic American look," while Bill Blass commented, "I don't think there's been anyone in the White House since Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis who has her flair." William Fine, president of cosmetic company Frances Denney, noted that she "stays in style, but she doesn't become trendy."

Though her elegant fashions and wardrobe were hailed as a "glamourous paragon of chic", they were also controversial subjects. In 1982, she revealed that she had accepted thousands of dollars in clothing, jewelry, and other gifts, but defended her actions by stating that she had borrowed the clothes and that they would either be returned or donated to museums, and that she was promoting the American fashion industry. Facing criticism, she soon said she would no longer accept such loans. While often buying her clothes, she continued to borrow and sometimes keep designer clothes throughout her time as first lady, which came to light in 1988. None of this had been included on financial disclosure forms; the non-reporting of loans under $10,000 in liability was in violation of a voluntary agreement the White House had made in 1982, while not reporting more valuable loans or clothes not returned was a possible violation of the Ethics in Government Act. Nancy expressed through her press secretary "regrets that she failed to heed counsel's advice" on disclosing them.

Despite the controversy, many designers who allowed her to borrow clothing noted that the arrangement was good for their businesses as well as for the American fashion industry overall. In 1989, Nancy was honored at the annual gala awards dinner of the Council of Fashion Designers of America, during which she received the council's lifetime achievement award. Barbara Walters said of her, "She has served every day for eight long years the word 'style.'"

Elegance and formality

Approximately a year into her husband's first term, Nancy Reagan explored the idea of ordering new state china service for the White House. A full china service had not been purchased since the Truman administration in the 1940s, as only a partial service was ordered in the Johnson administration. She was quoted as saying, "The White House really badly, badly needs china." Working with Lenox, the primary porcelain manufacturer in America, the first lady chose a design scheme of a red with etched gold band, bordering the scarlet and cream colored ivory plates with a raised presidential seal etched in gold in the center. The full service comprised 4,370 pieces, with 19 pieces per individual set. The service totaled $209,508. Although it was paid for by private donations, some from the private Knapp Foundation, the purchase generated quite a controversy, for it was ordered at a time when the nation was undergoing an economic recession.

The new china, White House renovations, expensive clothing, and her attendance at the wedding of Charles and Diana, Prince and Princess of Wales, gave her an aura of being "out of touch" with the American people during an economic recession. This and her taste for splendor inspired the derogatory nickname "Queen Nancy". While Jacqueline Kennedy had also faced some press criticism for her spending habits, Reagan's treatment was much more consistent and negative. In an attempt to deflect the criticism, she self-deprecatingly donned a baglady costume at the 1982 Gridiron Dinner and sang "Second-Hand Clothes", mimicking the song "Second-Hand Rose". The skit helped to restore her reputation.

Reagan and her husband with her predecessor as First Lady, Jackie Kennedy, widow of President Kennedy, in 1985. Nancy and Jackie were often compared due to their glamour, in contrast to the intervening First Ladies.

Nancy Reagan reflected on the criticisms in her 1989 autobiography, My Turn. Reagan describes lunching with former Democratic National Committee chairman Robert Strauss, wherein Strauss said to her, "When you first came to town, Nancy, I didn't like you at all. But after I got to know you, I changed my mind and said, 'She's some broad!'" Nancy responded, "Bob, based on the press reports I read then, I wouldn't have liked me either!"

After the presidencies of Gerald Ford (who favored the Michigan fight song over "Hail to the Chief") and Jimmy Carter (who dramatically reduced the formality of presidential functions), Nancy brought a Kennedy-esque glamour back into the White House. She hosted 56 state dinners over eight years, compared to six by George and Laura Bush. She remarked that hosting the dinners is "the easiest thing in the world. You don't have to do anything. Just have a good time and do a little business. And that's the way Washington works." In 1987, Mikhail Gorbachev became the first Soviet leader to visit Washington, D.C. since Nikita Khrushchev in 1959, and Nancy Reagan was in charge of planning and hosting the important and highly anticipated state dinner. After the meal, Nancy recruited pianist Van Cliburn to sing a rendition of "Moscow Nights" for the Soviet delegation, to which Mikhail and Raisa broke out into song. Former Secretary of State George Shultz commented on the evening, saying "We felt the ice of the Cold War crumbling." Nancy concluded, "It was a perfect ending for one of the great evenings of my husband's presidency."

Just Say No

Main article: Just Say No

Nancy Reagan launched the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign in 1982, which was her primary project and major initiative as first lady. Nancy first became aware of the need to educate young people about drugs during a 1980 campaign stop in Daytop Village, New York. She remarked in 1981 that "Understanding what drugs can do to your children, understanding peer pressure and understanding why they turn to drugs is... the first step in solving the problem." Her campaign focused on drug education and informing the youth of the danger of drug abuse.

Reagan gives a speech at a Just Say No rally in Los Angeles, 1987

In 1982, Nancy Reagan was asked by a schoolgirl what to do when offered drugs; Nancy responded "Just say no." The phrase proliferated in the popular culture of the 1980s and was eventually adopted as the name of club organizations and school anti-drug programs. Reagan became actively involved by traveling more than 250,000 miles (400,000 km) throughout the United States and several nations, visiting drug abuse prevention programs and drug rehabilitation centers. She also appeared on television talk shows, recorded public service announcements, and wrote guest articles. She appeared in an episode of the hit television drama Dynasty to underscore support for the anti-drug campaign. As she continued to promote "Just Say No", she appeared in an episode of the popular 1980s sitcom Diff'rent Strokes and in a 1985 rock music video, "Stop the Madness". When asked about her campaign, the first lady remarked, "If you can save just one child, it's worth it."

In 1985, Nancy expanded the campaign to an international level by inviting the First Ladies of various nations to the White House for a conference on drug abuse. On October 27, 1986, President Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill into law, which granted $1.7 billion in funding to fight the crisis and ensured a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses. Although the bill was criticized by some, Nancy Reagan considered it a personal victory. In 1988, she became the first First Lady invited to address the United Nations General Assembly, where she spoke on international drug interdiction and trafficking laws.

Reagan hosts the First Ladies Conference on Drug Abuse at the White House, 1985.

Critics of Reagan's efforts questioned their purpose and argued that the program did not go far enough in addressing many social issues, including unemployment, poverty, and family dissolution; Nancy's approach to promoting drug awareness was labeled as simplistic by liberal critics. Nonetheless, a number of "Just Say No" clubs and organizations remain in operation around the country, and they aim to educate children and teenagers about the effects of drugs.

Her husband's protector

Nancy Reagan assumed the role of unofficial "protector" for her husband after the attempted assassination on his life in 1981. On March 30 of that year, President Reagan and three others were shot as they left the Washington Hilton Hotel. Nancy was alerted and arrived at George Washington University Hospital, where the President was hospitalized. She recalled having seen "emergency rooms before, but I had never seen one like thisith my husband in it." She was escorted into a waiting room, and when granted access to see her husband, he quipped to her, "Honey, I forgot to duck", borrowing the defeated boxer Jack Dempsey's jest to his wife.

An early example of her protective nature occurred when Senator Strom Thurmond entered the President's hospital room that day in March, passing the Secret Service detail by claiming he was the President's "close friend", presumably to acquire media attention. Nancy was outraged and demanded he leave. While the president recuperated in the hospital, the first lady slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by the scent. When Reagan was released from the hospital on April 12, she escorted him back to the White House.

Press accounts framed Nancy as her husband's "chief protector", an extension of their general initial framing of her as a helpmate and a Cold War domestic ideal.

Influence in the White House

"The Gaze": Nancy watches as her husband is sworn in for a second term by Chief Justice Warren Burger, on January 20, 1985.

Nancy stated in her memoirs, "I felt panicky every time [Ronald] left the White House" following the assassination attempt, and made it her concern to know her husband's schedule: the events he would be attending, and with whom. Eventually, this protectiveness led to her consulting an astrologer, Joan Quigley, who offered insight on which days were "good", "neutral", or should be avoided, which influenced her husband's White House schedule. Days were color-coded according to the astrologer's advice to discern precisely which days and times would be optimal for the president's safety and success. The White House Chief of Staff, Donald Regan, grew frustrated with this regimen, which created friction between him and the First Lady. This escalated with the revelation of the Iran-Contra affair, an administration scandal, in which the First Lady felt Regan was damaging the president. She thought he should resign, and expressed this to her husband although he did not share her view. Regan wanted President Reagan to address the Iran-Contra matter in early 1987 by means of a press conference, though Nancy refused to allow Reagan to overexert himself due to a recent prostate surgery and astrological warnings. Regan became so angry with Nancy that he hung up on her during a 1987 telephone conversation. According to former ABC News correspondent Sam Donaldson, when the President heard of this treatment, he demandednd eventually receivedegan's resignation. In his 1988 memoirs, Regan wrote about Nancy's consultations with the astrologer, the first public mention of them, which resulted in embarrassment for the First Lady. Nancy later wrote, "Astrology was simply one of the ways I coped with the fear I felt after my husband almost died... Was astrology one of the reasons [further attempts did not occur]? I don't really believe it was, but I don't really believe it wasn't."

The Reagans talk in the Oval Office, 1985

Nancy Reagan wielded a powerful influence over President Reagan. Again stemming from the assassination attempt, she strictly controlled access to the president and even occasionally attempted to influence her husband's decision making.

Beginning in 1985, Nancy strongly encouraged her husband to hold "summit" conferences with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev, and suggested they form a personal relationship beforehand. Both Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev had developed a productive relationship through their summit negotiations. The relationship between Nancy Reagan and Raisa Gorbachev was anything but the friendly, diplomatic one between their husbands; Nancy found Raisa hard to converse with and their relationship was described as "frosty". The two women usually had tea, and discussed differences between the USSR and the United States. Visiting the U.S. for the first time in 1987, Raisa irked Reagan with lectures on subjects ranging from architecture to socialism, reportedly prompting the American President's wife to quip, "Who does that dame think she is?"

Press framing of Nancy changed from that of just helpmate and protector to someone with hidden power. As the image of her as a political interloper grew, she sought to explicitly deny that she was the power behind the throne. At the end of her time as First Lady, however, she said that her husband had not been well-served by his staff. She acknowledged her role in reaction in influencing him on personnel decisions, saying "In no way do I apologize for it." She wrote in her memoirs, "I don't think I was as bad, or as extreme in my power or my weakness, as I was depicted," but went on, "[H]owever the first lady fits in, she has a unique and important role to play in looking after her husband. And it's only natural that she'll let him know what she thinks. I always did that for Ronnie, and I always will."

Breast cancer

In October 1987, a mammogram detected a lesion in Nancy Reagan's left breast and she was subsequently diagnosed with breast cancer. She chose to undergo a mastectomy rather than a lumpectomy and the breast was removed on October 17, 1987. Not long after the operation, her mother, Edith Luckett Davis, died in Phoenix, Arizona, leading Nancy to dub the period "a terrible month".

After the surgery, more women across the country had mammograms, an example of the influence the first lady possesses.

Later life

Though Nancy was a controversial First Lady, 56 percent of Americans had a favorable opinion of her when her husband left office on January 20, 1989, with 18 percent having an unfavorable opinion and the balance not giving an opinion. Compared to fellow First Ladies when their husbands left office, Reagan's approval was higher than those of Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, however she was less popular than Barbara Bush and her disapproval rating was double that of Carter's.

Nancy Reagan's official White House portrait hangs in the Vermeil Room.

Upon leaving the White House, the couple returned to California, where they purchased a home in the Bel Air section of Los Angeles, dividing their time between Bel Air and the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara, California; Ronald and Nancy regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church as well. After leaving Washington, Nancy made numerous public appearances, many on behalf of her husband. She continues to reside at the Bel Air home, where she lived with her husband until his death on June 5, 2004.

Early post-White House activities

In late 1989, the former First Lady established the Nancy Reagan Foundation, which aimed to continue to educate people about the dangers of substance abuse. The Foundation teamed with the BEST Foundation For A Drug-Free Tomorrow in 1994, and developed the Nancy Reagan Afterschool Program. She continued to travel around the nation, speaking out against drug and alcohol abuse. After President Reagan revealed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, she made herself his primary caregiver and became actively involved with the National Alzheimer's Association and its affiliate, the Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute in Chicago, Illinois.

Ronnie's long journey has finally taken him to a distant place where I can no longer reach him.

ancy Reagan, May 2004

Also in 1989 she published My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan, which gives an account of her life in the White House, speaking openly about her influence within the Reagan administration and discussing the myths and controversies that surrounded the couple. In 1991, the controversial author Kitty Kelley wrote an unauthorized and largely uncited biography about Nancy Reagan, repeating accounts of a poor relationship with her children and introducing rumors of alleged sexual relations with singer Frank Sinatra. A wide range of sources commented that Kelley's largely unsupported claims are most likely false.

In 1989 the Internal Revenue Service began investigating the Reagans for whether they owed additional tax on the gifts and loans of high-fashion clothes and jewelry to Nancy during their time in the White House (recipients benefiting from the display of such items recognize taxable income even if they are returned). In 1992 the IRS determined the Reagans had failed to include some $3 million worth of fashion items between 1983 and 1988 on their tax returns; they were billed for a large amount of back taxes and interest, which was subsequently paid.

Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Nancy and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002 at the Capitol, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she accepted the medal on behalf of both of them.

Ronald Reagan's funeral

Former First Lady Nancy Reagan says her last goodbye to President Ronald Reagan on June 11, 2004, prior to the interment and concluding a week-long state funeral for the president.

Further information: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on June 5, 2004. During the seven-day state funeral, Nancy, accompanied by her children and military escort, led the nation in mourning by keeping a strong composure, traveling from her home to the Reagan Library for a memorial service, then to Washington, D.C., where her husband's body lay in state for 34 hours prior to a national funeral service in the Washington National Cathedral. She returned to the library in California for a sunset memorial service and interment, where, overcome with emotion, she lost her composure, crying in public for the first time during the week. After accepting the folded flag, she kissed the casket and mouthed "I love you" before leaving. Journalist Wolf Blitzer said of Reagan during the week, "She's a very, very strong woman, even though she looks frail."

She had directed the detailed planning of the funeral, including ordering all the major events and asking former President George H. W. Bush as well as former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney to speak during the National Cathedral Service. She paid very close attention to the details, something she had always done in her husband's life. Betsy Bloomingdale, one of Reagan's closest friends, stated, "She looks a little frail. But she is very strong inside. She is. She has the strength. She is doing her last thing for Ronnie. And she is going to get it right." The funeral marked Reagan's first major public appearance since delivering a speech to the 1996 Republican National Convention on her husband's behalf.

The funeral had a great impact on Reagan's public image. Following substantial criticism during her tenure as first lady, she was seen somewhat as a national heroine, praised by many for supporting and caring for her husband while he suffered from Alzheimer's disease. U.S. News & World Report opined, "after a decade in the shadows, a different, softer Nancy Reagan emerged."

Life after Ronald

Reagan has remained active in politics, particularly relating to stem cell research. Beginning in 2004, she favored what many consider to be the Democratic Party's position, and urged President George W. Bush to support federally funded embryonic stem cell research in the hope that this science could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease. Although she failed to change the president's position, she did support his campaign for a second term.

In 2005, Reagan was honored at a gala dinner at the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington, D.C. where guests included Dick Cheney, Harry Reid and Condoleezza Rice. It was her first major public appearance since the funeral. Asked what her future plans were, Reagan shook her head and responded, "I don't know. I'll know when I'll know. But the [Reagan] library is Ronnie, so that's where I spend my time."

Nancy Reagan dedicates the Air Force One Pavilion at the Reagan Library with President and Laura Bush, October 2005

In 2007, she attended the national funeral service for Gerald Ford in the Washington National Cathedral. Nancy Reagan hosted two 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates Debates at the Reagan Presidential Library, the first in May 2007 and the second in January 2008. While she did not participate in the discussions, she sat in the front row and listened as the men vying to become the nation's 44th president claimed to be a rightful successor to her husband. Though some speculation arose as to whether Reagan might support New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg in a presidential bid, nothing came of it. She formally endorsed Senator John McCain, then the presumptive Republican party nominee, for president on March 25.

Nancy Reagan, center, receives an honorary degree from Eureka College, March 31, 2009

Nancy Reagan and one of her successors, Michelle Obama, at a luncheon, June 3, 2009

She attended the funeral of Lady Bird Johnson in Austin, Texas on July 14, 2007 and three days later accepted the highest Polish distinction, the Order of the White Eagle, on behalf of Ronald Reagan at the Reagan Library. The Reagan Library opened the temporary exhibit "Nancy Reagan: A First Lady's Style", which displayed over eighty designer dresses belonging to the first lady.

Nancy Reagan's health and well being became a prominent concern in 2008. In February she suffered a fall at her Bel Air home and was taken to St. John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. Doctors reported that she did not break a hip as feared and she was released from the hospital two days later. News commentators noted that Reagan's step had slowed significantly, as the following month she walked in very slow strides with John McCain. NBC's Brian Williams, who attended a dinner with Reagan in mid-2008, recalled, "Mrs. Reagan's vision isn't what it always was so she was taking very halting steps as a lot of folks her age do... [I]t is so important for folks in her age bracket and in her bracket of life to remain upright and captain of their own ship. She very much is captain of her own ship." As for her mental ability, Williams remarked, "She's as sharp as ever and enjoys a robust life with her friends in California, but [falling] is always a danger of course. She's a very stoic, hardy person full of joy and excitement for life... She is not without opinions on politics and political types these days... She is, as most of her friends described her, a pistol."

In October 2008, Reagan was admitted to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center after having fallen at home; doctors determined that the 87-year-old had fractured her pelvis and sacrum and could recuperate at home with a regimen of physical therapy. As a result of her mishap, medical articles were published containing information on how to prevent falls. In January 2009, Reagan was said to be "improving every day and starting to get out more and more."

In March 2009 she praised President Barack Obama for reversing the ban on federally funded embryonic stem cell research. She traveled to Washington, D.C. in June 2009 to unveil a statue of her late husband in the Capitol Rotunda. She was also on hand as President Obama signed the Ronald Reagan Centennial Commission Act and lunched privately with Michelle Obama. Nancy revealed in an interview with Vanity Fair that Michelle Obama had telephoned her for advice on living and entertaining in the White House. Following the August 2009 death of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, she said she was "terribly saddened ... Given our political differences, people are sometimes surprised how close Ronnie and I have been to the Kennedy family. ... I will miss him."

Filmography

The Doctor and the Girl (1949)

East Side, West Side (1949)

Shadow on the Wall (1950)

The Next Voice You Hear... (1950)

Night Into Morning (1951)

It's a Big Country (1951)

Talk About a Stranger (1952)

Shadow in the Sky (1952)

Donovan's Brain (1953)

Rescue at Sea (also known as Crash Landing1955)

The Dark Wave (1956)

Hellcats of the Navy (1957)

Footnotes

^ a b Edith Luckett at Internet Movie Database

^ a b Edith Luckett at Internet Broadway Database

^ a b c d e "Nancy Reagan > Her Life & Times". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. http://www.reaganlibrary.com/reagan/nancy/nancy_bio.asp. Retrieved 2007-09-22.

^ When Nancy Davis signed with MGM, she gave her birthdate as July 6, 1923, shaving two years off her age, a common practice in Hollywood (see Cannon, Governor Reagan, p. 75). This caused subsequent confusion as some sources would continue to use the incorrect birth year.

^ Powling, Anne; John O'Connor, Geoff Barton (1997). New Oxford English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198311923. p. 79

^ Some sources and websites erroneously list her as either being born in Flushing or being raised in Manhattan.

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 66

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". National First Ladies Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=41. Retrieved 2007-06-02.

^ Wills (1987), p. 182

^ David Gonzalez (1991-04-12). "Talk and More Talk About Nancy (That One!) in Flushing". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DE123CF931A25757C0A967958260. Retrieved 2007-10-29.

^ a b Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 67

^ "The 'just say no' first lady". MSNBC. February 18, 2004. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4297405. Retrieved 2007-10-16.

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 71

^ a b c d e f Lally Weymouth (1980-10-26). "The Biggest Role of Nancy's Life" (fee required). The New York Times Magazine. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F70F1FF9395C17728DDDAF0A94D8415B8084F1D3. Retrieved 2007-10-20.

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 74

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 82

^ "Lute Song". Internet Broadway Database. http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=1771. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 85

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 88

^ "Biography for Nancy Davis". Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 2007. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?participantId=45332. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

^ a b c d e Cannon, Lou (2003), pp. 7576

^ a b c "Nancy Reagan > Her Films". Ronald Reagan Foundation. http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/nancy/films.asp. Retrieved 2007-03-08.

^ A. H. Weiler (credited as "A. W.") (1950-05-19). "Another View of Psychiatrist's Task". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F70F1FF83E5D147B93CBA8178ED85F448585F9. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

^ Bosley Crowther (1950-06-30). "'The Next Voice You Hear ...', Dore Schary Production, Opens at Music Hall". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0B14F93D5C127A93C2AA178DD85F448585F9. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

^ Sindelar, Dave. "The Next Voice You Hear... (1950)". SciFilm. http://www.toptenreviews.com/scripts/eframe/url.htm?u=http://www.scifilm.org/musings2/musing822.html. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 91

^ Bosley Crowther (1951-06-11). "'Night Into Morning,' Starring Ray Milland as a Bereaved Professor, at Loew's State". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA081EFA3855177B93C3A8178DD85F458585F9. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

^ Richard L. Coe (1951-06-09). "'Night Into Morning' Is Almost Excellent" (fee required). The Washington Post. http://proquest.umi.com/pdf/fa58d77382f20db57572666f678f207a/1202604554/share2/pqimage/hnirs3/20080209191917226/27518/out.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-09.

^ Wills (1987), p. 184.

^ Bosley Crowther (1954-01-21). "' Donovan's Brain,' Science-Fiction Thriller, Has Premiere at the Criterion Theatre". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00A12FC3A5A117A93C3AB178AD85F408585F9. Retrieved 2007-10-20.

^ Erickson, Glenn (2003). "Hellcats of the Navy, review one". Kleinman.com Inc. http://www.toptenreviews.com/scripts/eframe/url.htm?u=http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s808hell.html. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

^ Harper, Erick (2003). "Hellcats Of The Navy, review two". DVDVerdict. http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/hellcatsnavy.php. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

^ "Screen Actors Guild Presidents". Screen Actors Guild. http://www.sag.org/ronald-reagan. Retrieved 2007-03-08.

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^ Loizeau, Pierre-Marie. Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man (1984). Nova Publishers, pp. 104-105

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^ "Final Edited Transcript: Interview with Max Friedersdorf" (PDF). Miller Center of Public Affairs. October 2425, 2002. pp. 60. http://webstorage3.mcpa.virginia.edu/poh/materials/oph_2002_1024_friedersdorf.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-20. "Mrs. Reagan was all upset, of course. He said that Senator [Strom] Thurmond had come over to the hospital and had talked his way in, past the lobby, up to the President roome in intensive care, tubes coming out of his nose and his throat, tubes in his arms and everythingnd said that Strom Thurmond had talked his way past the secret service into his room and Mrs. Reagan was outraged, distraught. She couldn believe her eyes. He said, 'You know, those guys are crazy. They come over here trying to get a picture in front of the hospital and trying to talk to the President when he may be on his deathbed."

^ Burns, Lisa (2008), pp. 130, 138139

^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 21

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^ a b c Burns, Lisa (2008), pp. 139140

^ a b "Nancy Reagan Criticizes Aides to President". The New York Times. Reuters. 1988-11-13. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/us/nancy-reagan-criticizes-aides-to-president.html. Retrieved 2009-05-16.

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^ "My Turn Review". A-1 Wom...
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