[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Service Dogs & Hotels - Do you have to notify?
I have a service dog, fully trained, marked with a vest, though I do not always keep it on him when in a hotel room. I recently checked into an Extended Stay, I did not speifically tell them I had a service dog, I didn't really feel a need. The clerk is stating now that he has seen me walk past with the dog I have to pay a 75.00 pet fee. I have attempted to explain that the dog is a service animal, not a pet but he claims since I did nto state that he was going to be there at checkin that I have to pay. This is breaking the law correct? I reread the American Disability Act and there is no law saying I have to notify beforehand.
I think that to deny you the right to have your service animal Would violate the Act.
Unless you were informed of the rule and the Fee beforehand, I would think you had the makings of a discrimination case. I would certainly refuse to pay this fee.
Someone with a dissability who has a service animal knows the dog is part of her, and vice versa. Many need to be educated about the "quiet" discrimination that the handicapped face.
Tara Service Dog In Training Test
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Help me make a list of things I will need for a new puppy?
I am going to get a new german shepherd puppy by the end of summer.
So I want to be prepared I have a lot of supplies for a dog already from my current dog and I have a crate that just needs a divider. I have several books ordered on training and behavior and will be enrolling the pup in puppy classes and will progress into obedience classes two levels and then maybe some agility training for fun.
What do I need for my puppy and what do I need to ask the vet?
Also thanks to everyone who answers my question.
Crate (at least one, which you have. Two is even better so you have one in the car and one in the house) Safe toys - Kong, Nylabone, bully stix Supervised toys/interactive toys - buster cube, tugs, fleece squeakies Food - nothing with corn,soy,by-products or other fillers in it Treats Separate bowls for food and water leash (at least one) long line regular collar training collar pin brush and slicker brush nail clipper or grinder comb flea/tick prevention (Frontline,etc.) heartworm prevention (Heartguard, etc.) basic first aid supplies - gauze, flex bandage, thermometer 3% hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting in case your puppy eats something toxic or dangerous ID tags Carpet/floor enzymatic cleaner like Natures Miracle for the occasional mess tearless dog shampoo old towels for a myriad of uses stainless steel 1 or 1.5 quart crate bucket for water when crated baby gate(s) if there are areas of your home you don't want the pup to have access to
Questions for the vet: have them go over the puppy and check his lungs/heart/eyes. Take in a fecal sample to screen for parasites. You may want to ask about a supplement containing glucosamine/chondroitin to help your shepherd's joints to grow properly. Whether you rely on your vet for food advice is a personal choice-- personally, I rely more on other breeders for food suggestions and my own knowledge since most vets will tell you to feed Science Diet, which is a low-quality food that almost all of them carry. Many GSD's do great on Canidae, Eagle Pack Holistics, Blue Buffalo, and Innova Evo or raw/prey model diets. GSD's are prone to bloat, so talk to your vet about what to look for and methods of prevention. Go over flea/tick prevention, and heartworm prevention. Make sure your vet recommends a vaccine protocol that you are comfortable with. Many are still clinging to the outdated (and harmful) belief that all dogs need yearly booster vaccinations. GSD's seem more prone to vaccine-related problems than some other breeds, so give your pet only the NEEDED vaccines and ask about running titer tests instead of revaccinating yearly. If you will be spaying or neutering your pet, discuss this with your veterinarian also.
You'll want to have your pup's hips X-rayed at the age of 24 months to be sure he is not suffering from hip displasia before you do advanced obedience or start agility with him.
Good luck with your pup!
Dog Obedience Training
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Socializing your pet to accept new dogs into the household is not always an easy task. We all read the biblical account of Noah and his Ark and wondered just how he got the dogs to survive in the ark together for five minutes let alone 40 days and nights of rain. The dog usually has its own ideas of its territory and home and is generally not a generous creature when it come to sharing but would much rather chase the intruders away. We have to reprogram the dogs thinking to make it understand that chasing the cat or iguana or whatever other pet you may have, is not acceptable. So how about some instruction on just how it's done?
For the First tip, Insure the Safety of Both Dogs and Yourself. To start, make certain that the new animal will be safe. Place the new pet in a pet carrier or some other sturdy structure that prohibits the dog from actually physically contacting the animal but still allows for both dogs to see, smell and hear each other. This provides a way for both dogs to acclimate to each other in a safe, though possibly a bit stressful, situation. In later steps, gloves might be advisable to avoid scratches from a nervous pet.
Secondly, Rewards Work Wonders. After the dogs have both calmed a bit give them each a small reward, such as a morsel of some favorite food. Be sure to give the dog lots of verbal praise and affection when it is not barking or trying to get to the new animal as this will show the dog that you are accepting of the new pet's presence and you expect him to be also. Repeat this process several times over the course of a week or so, until both dogs seem fairly accustomed to the presence of the other and their aggressions seem to have subsided. At this point, you are ready to move on to the next step and tip number three.
The third tip to socializing your animal is Get Help. This step will require an assistant to help with one of the dogs. Have the assistant leash the dog and hold him firmly on a very short leash. After instructing the assistant to maintain control of the dog, open the pet carrier and bring the new pet out carefully. Your dog will likely move towards the animal so be sure the assistant has the dog held tightly and be careful not to let the new pet panic and escape your grasp. Gradually bring them closer together and let them calmly adapt to each others presence. Repeat this step several times over the next few days and by the end of the week, these two dogs should be like old chums.
Another tip to remember in socializing your pets is that, while the dogs most likely won't make an instant attachment to each other, there are those special picture perfect moments that you will want to cherish a lifetime. So keep the camera handy and loaded with film. The candid shots of training at its best provide memories that will last forever. Few things are more fun than looking at a picture of your dog with an iguana riding around the room perched on his back and telling a little white lie that you taught the two of them to do that.
Our Fifth and final point is remember that just like humans, not everyone is going to get along. There will be days where the dog and the cat are going to feud or the iguana will get cantankerous and slap the dog with his tail for the fun of it. Some dogs were just never meant to live in harmony but with a lot of patience and a little direction you can make your household fairly peaceable most of the time. When things go sour, just take it in stride and put the dogs in their separate areas for a bit and, given a cooling period, they will be friends again in no time.
With these simple tips you can be certain that life around your home will be much more harmonious and you might just have a bit more respect for Noah and his Ark.
About the Author
Anthony Stai is a proud contributing author and writes articles on several pet related topics including dog training. You can see more of Anthony's articles on his Dog Training informational web site located at http://www.petinformation4you.com
Dog Training & Canine Health : Treating Dog Wounds
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First and foremost, you must have a routine for your Terrier to follow daily. To be really successful in housetraining, you must have a schedule to take your terrier outside to potty and, over weeks to a few months, it becomes ingrained in their every day life.
Most people want to go to the bathroom right after they wake up. Your Yorkie is no different and this is where the routine begins. As soon as you are up in the morning, take him outside for his first potty trip of the day. He has been holding it all night, so go out quickly without any disruptions or distractions.
Make this potty trip a short one. Let your Yorkshire Terrier do its business and then come right back in for breakfast. Let him eat while you get ready for your day. By the time you are all dressed and have eaten your breakfast, it will be time to take your Yorkie out to potty again.
Hopefully your Yorkie's food and water has settled enough so that he is ready to go back out and do it again. Your Yorkshire Terrier puppy will need potty breaks at mid-morning and mid-afternoon. If your job or school takes you away from the house during the day, then you will need a friend or family member to keep to the routine.
Your Yorkie will need to be taken out again as soon as you return home. Again, a schedule or routing needs to be followed consistently. It may be helpful to keep a chart with times of day for potty breaks. These can be adjusted gradually as you make note of your puppy's natural elimination patterns.
Feed your Yorkie dinner at the same time every evening, early enough to have his food settled enough to have a successful potty break before going down for bed for the night. And in the morning, begin the whole routine again, keeping to the same schedule.
Potty trips should be kept short (ten to 15 minutes at the most) and low keyed, and do not let your Yorkie confuse these breaks with playtime. Give your Yorkshire Terrier plenty of praise and affection when he does his business. A small treat and verbal praise work good for this purpose, and will reinforce his good potty habits.
At one time, negative reinforcement was the rule. If your dog had an accident in the house, he was scolded and punished. This has proven to be less effective than positive reinforcement. Praising the good behavior works because your Yorkshire Terrier wants to be loved and to please you. If you are late getting home and find an accident, just go right to your normal routine.
After taking your Yorkie out on his potty break, you can clean up the mess without any fanfare. It is best if your puppy doesn't even see you doing it. You both just let it pass and do better tomorrow.
Your Yorkshire Terrier is dependent on you for almost everything. One of the most important is a firm foundation of potty training, which is only possible by following a routine from the beginning, and will result in a happy Yorkie and a happy owner.
If you have any questions on Horse supplies or J9 Farm Supplies, please call 979-221-7251. Our home office is located in Waller, Texas, with warehouses located throughout the United States such as Dallas TX, Houston TX, New York NY, Denver CO, Chicago ILL, Seattle WA, Kansas City MO, Miami FL, Raleigh-Durham NC, Washington DC, Los Angeles CA, Fayetteville AR, Philadelphia PA, Phoenix Arizona, San Antonio TX.
About the Author
This article was written by Janine Carter, owner of J9 Farm Supplies. If you have any questions regarding Dog Training or J9 Farm Supplies , please feel free to call 979-221-7251.
Gigi playing with her friends at PetSmart's Advanced Dog Training Class
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Timid dog- I have a German Shepherd, she is very timid PLEASE HELP. x?
My dog is lovely with the family and very affectionate, she has been away on a 3 week residential training course, she has come back but we cant really see many improvements, she is aggresive towards humans and dogs that she is not familiar with, we watch the dog whisperer and have picked up techniques which are helping e.g- not looking her in the eye, this seems to be working, but does anyone have any more advice?
Yep. Don't send your dog away for training, as *you* need to know how to handle the dog as well.
The dog may be genetically "shy", or have socialization problems. Your best resource is your vet, who can give you trainer recommendations.
If it is a genetic issue, then there is no fixing it, only controlling it. If it is a socialization issue, it's not too late to turn your dog around, but you need the help of a great trainer. Good luck.
Residential dog training - www.canisfidelis.co.uk - London
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The definitions of alcoholism and related terminology vary significantly between the medical community, treatment programs, and the general public.
Medical definitions
The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and The American Society of Addiction Medicine define alcoholism as "a primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking." The DSM-IV (the dominant diagnostic manual in psychiatry and psychology) defines alcohol abuse as repeated use despite recurrent adverse consequences. It further defines alcohol dependence as alcohol abuse combined with tolerance, withdrawal, and an uncontrollable drive to drink. (See DSM diagnosis below.) Within psychology and psychiatry, alcoholism is the popular term for alcohol dependence.
Terminology
Many terms are applied to a drinker's relationship with alcohol. Use, misuse, heavy use, abuse, addiction, and dependence are all common labels used to describe drinking habits, but the actual meaning of these words can vary greatly depending upon the context in which they are used. Even within the medical field, the definition can vary between areas of specialization. Because alcoholism is often used in a derogatory sense in politics and religion, the meanings of the words surrounding it are often used imprecisely.
Use refers to simple use of a substance. An individual who drinks any alcoholic beverage is using alcohol. Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use refers to improper use of alcohol which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker.
Moderate Use is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic beverages per day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage per day for women.
Risk factors
About 40 percent of those who begin drinking alcohol before age 14 develop alcohol dependence, whereas only 10 percent of those who did not begin drinking until 20 years or older developed an alcohol problem in later life, although it should be born in mind that Correlation does not imply causation. Alcohol abuse during adolescence may lead to long-term changes in the brain which leaves them at increased risk of alcoholism in later years; genetic factors also influence age of onset of alcohol abuse and risk of alcoholism.
The age of onset of drinking as well as genetic factors are associated with an increased risk of the development of alcoholism. Individuals who have a pre-existing vulnerability to alcoholism are also more likely to begin drinking earlier than average. The risk taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking. Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol related neurotoxicity. Genetic traits which influence the risk of the development of alcoholism are associated with a family history of alcoholism. One published article has found that alcohol use at an early age may itself directly influence the risk of developing alcoholism via influencing the expression of genes which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. It has been hypothesized that this increased risk may be due to the highly sensitive developing adolescent brain which leads to modulating of the genetic state of the brain which in turn primes the adolescent for increased risk of alcohol dependence. About 40 percent of alcoholics were drinking excessively by late adolescence. Most alcoholics develop alcoholism during adolescence or young adulthood. Severe childhood trauma is also associated with an increased risk of alcohol or other drug problems. There is evidence that a complex mixture of genetic factors as well as environmental factors, e.g. stressful childhood events, influence the risk of the development of alcoholism. Genes which influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism. Good peer and family support is associated with a reduced risk of alcoholism developing.
Signs and symptoms
Effects of long term alcohol misuse
Main article: Long-term effects of alcohol
Most significant of the possible long-term effects of ethanol. Additionally, in pregnant women, it causes fetal alcohol syndrome.
The primary effect of alcoholism is to encourage the sufferer to drink at times and in amounts that are damaging to physical health. The secondary damage caused by an inability to control one's drinking manifests in many ways. Alcoholism also has significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends. Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health causing psychiatric disorders to develop. Approximately 18 percent of alcoholics commit suicide. Research has found that over fifty percent of all suicides are associated with alcohol or drug dependence. In adolescents the figure is higher with alcohol or drug misuse playing a role in up to 70 percent of suicides.
Physical health effects
The physical health effects associated with alcohol consumption may include cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, increased chance of cancer, nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and death from many sources. Severe cognitive problems are not uncommon in alcoholics. Approximately 10% of all dementia cases are alcohol related making alcohol the 2nd leading cause of dementia. Other adverse effects on physical health include an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, malabsorption, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from sustained alcohol consumption.
Mental health effects
Long term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health effects. Alcohol misuse is not only toxic to the body but also to brain function and thus psychological well being can be adversely affected by the long-term effects of misuse. Psychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics, especially anxiety and depression disorders, with as many as 25% of alcoholics presenting with severe psychiatric disturbances. Typically these psychiatric symptoms caused by alcohol misuse initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal but with abstinence these psychiatric symptoms typically gradually improve or disappear altogether. Psychosis, confusion and organic brain syndrome may be induced by chronic alcohol abuse which can lead to a misdiagnosis of major mental health disorders such as schizophrenia. Panic disorder can develop as a direct result of long term alcohol misuse. Panic disorder can also worsen or occur as part of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Chronic alcohol misuse can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen an underlying panic disorder via distortion of the neurochemical system in the brain.
The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among those with comorbid occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that are secondary to the pharmacological or toxic effects of heavy alcohol use and remit with abstinence, and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence. Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression in alcoholics. Depressive episodes with an onset prior to heavy drinking or those that continue in the absence of heavy drinking are typically referred to as "independent" episodes, whereas those that appear to be etiologically related to heavy drinking are termed "substance-induced". There is a high rate of suicide in chronic alcoholics with the risk of suicide increasing the longer a person drinks. The reasons believed to cause the increased risk of suicide in alcoholics include the long-term abuse of alcohol causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry as well as the social isolation which is common in alcoholics. Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol abuse.
Social effects
The social problems arising from alcoholism can be massive and are caused in part due to the serious pathological changes induced in the brain from prolonged alcohol misuse and partly because of the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is also associated with increased risks of committing criminal offences including child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, burglaries and assaults. Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems including the loss of living quarters. Drinking at inappropriate times, and behavior caused by reduced judgment, can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortious behavior. An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly impact those surrounding them and lead to isolation fromfamily and friends, possibly leading to marital conflict and divorce, or contributing to domestic violence. This can contribute to a loss of self-esteem and even lead to jail. Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic's children, even after they reach adulthood.
Alcohol withdrawal
Main article: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal differs significantly from most other drugs in that it can be directly fatal. For example it is extremely rare for heroin withdrawal to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal they typically have serious underlying health problems which are made worse by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic, however, who has no serious health issues, has a significant risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if it is not properly managed. Sedative-hypnotic drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines which have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol (which is also a sedative-hypnotic) also have a similar risk of causing death during withdrawal.
Alcohol's primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the GABAA receptor, promoting central nervous system depression. With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol, these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number, resulting in tolerance and physical dependence. Thus when alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the person's nervous system suffers from uncontrolled synapse firing. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure.
Acute withdrawal symptoms tend to subside after one to three weeks. Less severe symptoms (e.g. insomnia and anxiety, anhedonia) may continue as part of a post withdrawal syndrome gradually improving with abstinence for a year or more. Withdrawal symptoms begin to subside as the body and central nervous system makes adaptations to reverse tolerance and restore GABA function towards normal. Other neurotransmitter systems are involved, especially glutamate and NMDA.
Diagnosis
Multiple tools are available to those wishing to conduct screening for alcoholism. Identification involves an objective assessment regarding the damage that imbibing alcohol does to the drinker's life compared with the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholic's life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that can be difficult to classify.
Addiction Medicine specialists have extensive training with respect to diagnosing and treating patients with alcoholism.
Screening
Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly self reports in questionnaire form. Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use.
The CAGE questionnaire, named for its four questions, is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor's office.
Two "yes" responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions:
Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking?
Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?
Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?
The CAGE questionnaire, has demonstrated a high effectiveness in detecting alcohol related problems; however, it has limitations in people with less severe alcohol related problems, white women and college students.
The Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the CAGE test. It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use.
The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol-related offenses, driving under the influence being the most common.
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization. This test is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, it uses a simple set of questions - a high score earning a deeper investigation.
The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) was designed to screen for alcohol related problems amongst those attending Accident and Emergency departments. It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time.
Genetic predisposition testing
Psychiatric geneticists John I. Nurnberger, Jr., and Laura Jean Bierut suggest that alcoholism does not have a single causencluding geneticut that genes do play an important role "by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with one another and with an individual's life experiences to produce protection or susceptibility." They also report that fewer than a dozen alcoholism-related genes have been identified, but that more likely await discovery.
At least one genetic test exists for an allele that is correlated to alcoholism and opiate addiction. Human dopamine receptor genes have a detectable variation referred to as the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism. Those who possess the A1 allele (variation) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin releasing drugs like alcohol. Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts, it is not by itself an adequate predictor of alcoholism, and some researchers argue that evidence for DRD2 is contradictory.
DSM diagnosis
The DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence represents one approach to the definition of alcoholism. In part this is to assist in the development of research protocols in which findings can be compared with one another. According to the DSM-IV, an alcohol dependence diagnosis is:
...maladaptive alcohol use with clinically significant impairment as manifested by at least three of the following within any one-year period: tolerance; withdrawal; taken in greater amounts or over longer time course than intended; desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use; great deal of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from use; social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced; continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological sequelae.
Urine and blood tests
There are reliable tests for the actual use of alcohol, one common test being that of blood alcohol content (BAC). These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from non-alcoholics; however, long-term heavy drinking does have a few recognizable effects on the body, including:
Macrocytosis (enlarged MCV)1
Elevated GGT
Moderate elevation of AST and ALT and an AST: ALT ratio of 2:1.
High carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT)
However, none of these blood tests for biological markers are as sensitive as screening questionaires.
Prevention
Because alcohol use disorders are perceived as impacting society as a whole, World Health Organization, the European Union and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism.
To combat the health, social and educational underachievement which results from alcohol or drug dependence targeting adolescents and young adults is regarded as an important step to reduce the harm of alcohol abuse. The age at which licit drugs of abuse such as alcohol can be purchased as well as banning or restricting advertising of alcohol has been recommended. Credible and evidence based educational drives in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol and other drug abuse has also been recommended. Guidelines for parents on alcohol and drug use during adolescence and targeting young people with mental health problems has also been suggested to prevent the harm of alcohol and other drug abuse.
Management
Treatments for alcoholism (antidipsotropic) are quite varied because there are multiple perspectives for the condition itself. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments than, for instance, those who approach the condition as one of social choice.
Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue their alcohol intake, followed up with life training and/or social support in order to help them resist a return to alcohol use. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed in order to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this kind of treatment is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. The treatment community for alcoholism typically supports an abstinence-based zero tolerance approach; however, there are some who promote a harm-reduction approach as well.
Effectiveness
When considering the effectiveness of treatment options, one must consider the success rate based on those who enter a program, not just those who complete it. Since completion of a program is the qualification for success, success among those who complete a program is generally near 100%. It is also important to consider not just the rate of those reaching treatment goals but the rate of those relapsing. Results should also be compared to the roughly 5% rate at which people will quit on their own. A year after completing a rehab program, about a third of alcoholics are sober, an additional 40 percent are substantially improved but still drink heavily on occasion, and a quarter have completely relapsed.
Detoxification
Main article: Alcohol detoxification
Alcohol detoxification or 'detox' for alcoholics is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to prevent alcohol withdrawal.
Detoxification treats the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. After detox is complete, relapse is likely without further treatment. These rehabilitations (or 'rehabs') may take place in an inpatient or outpatient setting.
Group therapy and psychotherapy
A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous.
After detoxification, various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as provide relapse prevention skills.
The mutual-help group-counseling approach is one of the most common ways of helping alcoholics maintain sobriety. Many organizations have been formed to provide this service. Alcoholics Anonymous was the first group, and has more members than all other programs combined. Some of the others include LifeRing Secular Recovery, Rational Recovery, SMART Recovery, and Women For Sobriety.
Rationing and moderation
Rationing and moderation programs such as Moderation Management and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most alcoholics are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 U.S. study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency. A follow-up study, using the same subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001-2002, examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004-2005. The study found abstinence from alcohol was the most stable form of remission for recovering alcoholics. A long-term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men concluded that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence."
Medications
A variety of medications may be prescribed as part of treatment for alcoholism.
Medications currently in use
Antabuse (disulfiram) prevents the elimination of acetaldehyde, a chemical the body produces when breaking down ethanol. Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many hangover symptoms from alcohol use. The overall effect is severe discomfort when alcohol is ingested: an extremely fast-acting and long-lasting uncomfortable hangover. This discourages an alcoholic from drinking in significant amounts while they take the medicine. A recent 9-year study found that incorporation of supervised disulfiram and a related compound carbamide into a comprehensive treatment program resulted in an abstinence rate of over 50%.
Temposil (calcium carbimide) works in the same way as Antabuse, but is weaker and safer[citation needed].
Naltrexone is a competitive antagonist for opioid receptors, effectively blocking our ability to use endorphins and opiates. Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins, hence when naltrexone is in the body drinkers no longer get any pleasure from consuming alcohol. Naltrexone is used in two very different forms of treatment. The first treatment uses naltrexone to decrease cravings for alcohol and encourage abstinence. The other treatment, called pharmacological extinction, combines naltrexone with normal drinking habits in order to reverse the endorphin conditioning that causes alcohol addiction. This results in a reduced desire to drink that persists after naltrexone use is discontinued, as long as the patient always takes naltrexone before drinking.
Naltrexone comes in two forms. Oral naltrexone (originally but no longer available as the brand ReVia) is a pill that must be taken one hour before drinking to be effective. Vivitrol is a time-release formulation that is injected in the buttocks once a month.
Acamprosate (also known as Campral) is thought to stabilize the chemical balance of the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this drug in 2004, saying "While its mechanism of action is not fully understood, Campral is thought to act on the brain pathways related to alcohol abuse... Campral proved superior to placebo in maintaining abstinence for a short period of time..." The COMBINE study was unable to demonstrate efficacy for Acamprosate.
Experimental Medications
Many experimental medications are presently in clinical trials for the treatment of alcoholism. Promising results have been obtained with anticonvulsant drugs usually used to treat epilepsy.
Topiramate (brand name Topamax), a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. In one study heavy drinkers were six times more likely to remain abstinent for a month if they took the medication, even in small doses. In another study, those who received topiramate had fewer heavy drinking days, fewer drinks per day and more days of continuous abstinence than those who received the placebo. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid function. A 2008 review of the effectiness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, however at this time, data are insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first-line agent for alcohol dependence.
Medications which may worsen outcome
Benzodiazepines, whilst useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, if used long-term cause a worse outcome in alcoholism. Alcoholics on chronic benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines. This class of drugs are commonly prescribed to alcoholics for insomnia or anxiety management. Initiating prescriptions of Benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapse after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Patients often mistakenly think that they are sober despite continuing to take benzodiazepines. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be withdrawn rapidly, taper regimes of 612 months have been found to be the most successful, with reduced intensity of withdrawal.
Dual addictions
The AMA definition of alcoholism refers to a disease entity involving the compulsive use of alcohol despite social, physical and mental harm.[citation needed]. The DSM-IV definition of alcohol dependence refers to alcohol only, and DSM-IV uses sedative dependence to refer to the disease entity involving non-alcohol sedative agents.[citation needed]
Alcoholics may also require treatment for other psychotropic drug addictions. The most common dual addiction in alcohol dependence is a benzodiazepine dependence with studies showing 10 - 20% of alcohol dependent individuals having problems of dependence and/or misuse problems of benzodiazepines. Alcohol itself is a sedative-hypnotic and is cross-tolerant with other sedative-hypnotics such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and the nonbenzodiazepines. Dependence on other sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone as well as opiates and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics. Dependence and withdrawal from sedative hypnotics, eg benzodiazepine withdrawal is similar to alcohol and can be medically severe and include the risk of psychosis and seizures if not managed properly. Benzodiazepine dependency requires careful reduction in dosage to avoid a serious benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and health consequences. Benzodiazepines have the problem of increasing cravings for alcohol in problem alcohol consumers. Benzodiazepines also increase the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers.
Epidemiology
Disability-adjusted life year for alcohol use disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
no data less than 50 50-150 150-250 250-350 350-450 450-550 550-650 650-750 750-850 850-950 950-1050 more than 1050
Total recorded yearly alcohol per capita consumption (15+), in litres of pure alcohol
Substance use disorders are a major public health problem facing many countries. "The most common substance of abuse/dependence in patients presenting for treatment is alcohol." In the United Kingdom, the number of 'dependent drinkers' was calculated as over 2.8 million in 2001. The World Health Organization estimates that about 140 million people throughout the world suffer from alcohol dependence. In the United States and western Europe 10 to 20% of men and 5 to 10% of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria for alcoholism.
Within the medical and scientific communities, there is broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and states that "drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and developmental factors (e.g., stage of brain maturity)."
Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50-60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% for environmental influences.
A 2002 study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism surveyed a group of 4,422 adults meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence and found that after one year, some met the authors' criteria for low-risk drinking, even though only 25.5% of the group received any treatment, with the breakdown as follows:
25% still dependent
27.3% in partial remission (some symptoms persist)
11.8% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases chances of relapse)
35.9% fully recovered made up of 17.7% low-risk drinkers plus 18.2% abstainers.
In contrast, however, the results of a long term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men by George Vaillant at Harvard Medical School indicated that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence." Vaillant also noted that "return-to-controlled drinking, as reported in short-term studies, is often a mirage."
History
Etymology
1904 advertisement describing alcoholism as a disease.
The term "alcoholism" was first used in 1849 by the Swedish physician Magnus Huss to describe the systematic adverse effects of alcohol.
In the United States, use of the word "alcoholism" was largely popularized by the founding and growth of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935[citation needed]. AA's basic text, known as the "Big Book," describes alcoholism as an illness that involves a physical allergy:p.xxviii and a mental obsession.:p.23 Note that the definition of "allergy" used in this context is not the same as used in modern medicine. . The doctor and addiction specialist Dr. William D. Silkworth M.D. writes on behalf of AA that Alcoholics suffer from a "(physical) craving beyond mental control".
A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern disease theory of alcoholism. Jellinek's definition restricted the use of the word "alcoholism" to those showing a particular natural history. The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised numerous times since then. The American Medical Association currently uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease.
A minority opinion within the field, notably advocated by Herbert Fingarette and Stanton Peele, argue against the existence of alcoholism as a disease. Critics of the disease model tend to use the term "heavy drinking" when discussing the negative effects of alcohol consumption.
Society and culture
The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs, and secondary treatment costs. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for head injuries, motor vehicle accidents, violence, and assaults. Beyond money, there is also the pain and suffering of the individuals besides the alcoholic affected. For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to Fetal alcohol syndrome, an incurable and damaging condition.
Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from one to six per cent of a country's GDP. One Australian estimate pegged alcohol's social costs at 24 per cent of all drug abuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol's share was 41 per cent.
A study quantified the cost to the UK of all forms of alcohol misuse as 18.520 billion annually (2001 figures).
Stereotypes
Depiction of a wino or town drunk
Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The 'town drunk' is a stock character in Western popular culture.
Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on racism or xenophobia, as in the depiction of the Irish as heavy drinkers.
Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America.
Alcohol-related crime
See also: Drug-related crime
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (July 2009)
Of the adult US population, at least 75% are drinkers; and about 6% of the total group are alcoholics. In groups which are almost 100% drinkers, the alcoholism rate is about 8%. Many reports state that about 73% of felonies are alcohol-related. One survey shows that in about 67% of child-beating cases, 41% of forcible rape cases, 80% of wife-battering, 72% of stabbings, and 83% of homicides, either the attacker or the victim or both had been drinking."
In film and literature
In modern times, the recovery movement has led to more realistic depictions of problems that stem from heavy alcohol use. Authors such as Charles R. Jackson and Charles Bukowski describe their own alcohol addiction in their writings. The disjointed narrative of Patrick Hamilton's Hangover Square reflects the alcoholism of its central character. A famous depiction of alcoholism, and the psychology of an alcoholic, is in Malcolm Lowry's widely acclaimed novel Under the Volcano, which details the final day of the British consul Geoffrey Firmin on the Day of the Dead in 1939 Mexico and his choice to continue his extreme alcohol consumption instead of returning to the wife he loves.
Films like Bad Santa, Barfly, Days of Wine and Roses, Ironweed, My Name Is Bill W., Withnail and I, Arthur, Leaving Las Vegas, When a Man Loves a Woman, Shattered Spirits and The Lost Weekend chronicle similar stories of alcoholism.
Women and alcoholism
Alcoholism has a higher prevalence among men, though in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased. It is important to articulate the different biological and social ways alcoholism manifests in women in order to understand barriers to treatment and effective recovery strategies.
William Hogarth's Gin Lane, 1751.
Biological differences and physiological effects
Biologically, women have symptom profiles from their alcohol use that differ in important ways from men. They experience a telescoping of physiological effects from alcohol use. Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). This can be attributed to many reasons, the main being that women have less body water than men. A given amount of alcohol, therefore becomes more highly concentrated in a woman's body. Besides this fact, women also become more intoxicated, which is due to different hormone release.
Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do alcoholic men. Additionally, women have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage and an increased risk for breast cancer (see alcohol and breast cancer). Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation, decreased ovarian mass, irregular menses, amenorrhea, luteal phase dysfunction, and early menopause.
Psychological and emotional effects
Psychiatric disorders are generally more prevalent among those with alcohol disorders. This is true for both men and women, however the disorders differ depending on gender. Women who have alcohol-use disorders often have co-occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as major depression, anxiety, panic disorder, bulimia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder. Men with alcohol-use disorders more often have co-occurring diagnosis of narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, impulse disorders and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.
Women with alcoholism are also more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault, abuse and domestic violence than those in the general population. This trauma can lead to higher instances of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and a greater dependence on alcohol.
Societal barriers to treatment
Attitudes and social stereotypes about women and alcohol can create barriers to the detection and treatment of female alcohol abusers. Such beliefs stigmatize women who drink by characterizing them as "both generally and sexually immoral" or the "fallen women." Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they are suffering from a medical condition, to hide their drinking, and to drink alone. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know is an alcoholic.
In contrast, attitudes and social stereotypes about men and alcohol can lower barriers to the detection and treatment of male alcohol abusers. Such beliefs reward men who drink by characterizing them as "both generally and sexually moral" or the "risen men." Reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are suffering from a medical condition, to publicly display their drinking, and to drink in groups. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is an alcoholic. Women also tend to have a greater fear that the negative implications from the stigma will reflect poorly on their families. This may also keep them from seeking help.
Implications for treatment
Research has indicated a lack of adequate training for practitioners both in problematic alcohol use in general, and in relation to women's issues. The complexity of alcohol use disorders, particularly with gender-related issues, indicates that the need for practitioners' knowledge, insight and compassion is enormous. Better education and awareness surrounding the gender implications of alcoholism will help care providers to adequately treat women who suffer from alcoholism. Early intervention will also increase the probability of recovery.
See also
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alcoholism
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alcoholism
Alcohol consumption and health
Alcoholism in family systems
Alcohol dementia
Alcohol-related traffic crashes
Alcohol tolerance
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcoholic lung disease
Binge drinking
List of countries by alcohol consumption
Alcohol intoxication
E. Morton Jellinek
Ethanol Metabolism biochemical discussion of alcohol metabolism
Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Hangover
List of deaths through alcohol
Substance abuse
Self-medication
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Willingway Hospital
Medical diagnostics to test for alcohol use
Blood alcohol content
Full blood count
Liver function tests
Al-Anon and Alateen: support groups for friends and families affected by alcoholism
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Huskies - Outdoors year round?
Will Siberian Husky brothers (8 mos old) be alright if left outdoors all year round (NJ)? This will be their first winter and I am concerned that the overnight temps and overall cold weather will hurt them. They are not walked regularly, not socialized, not allowed indoors, no training involved (obedience, potty, etc.) - just kept outdoors under deck - concrete ground (due to digging), fenced in area. Not large space. Little human contact. No exercise.
My brother - 1st time dog owner - purchased these 2 pups from birth. Did no research, has no idea what he's doing and I'm just trying to see that he does as little damage as possible to these 2 beautiful dogs before they end up in a shelter.
Constructive advice/suggestions much appreciated. I am a dog owner myself of 2 rescues - but have no idea about huskies. Thanks!
There is a great difference between "survival" and "living"
The dogs can survive the temperatures. But, they are not living a life. Living includes being with their human family, being loved, socialized, trained, and enjoyed.
Left to continue as they have, this is such a great loss.
Since you have rescued, I suggest you educate your brother on being a responsible dog owner. Assist him in learning more about this breed through internet research and talking with owners at Siberian Clubs in your area.
With your help, he can do better for this pair!
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Where can I buy German Shepherd Puppies in Surrey UK?
Hi, I'm after one young puppy German Shepherd in Surrey,then closer tom Kingston then better, what place/shop would you recommend me, and if you know someone that has puppies for sale then let me know as well. I've had two already couple years ago and both were police trained and they were awesome, best dog ever!
Also it would be great if some one could tell me how much they cost.
I know a breeder and her dogs are used as working dogs and police dogs.
They are Schutzhund trained and all sables, although i know she has produced a couple of black pups too depending on the sire she put her b1tch too.
The breeders are fully competent trainers too.
Not in Surrey, in Manchester, but they are quality dogs bred to work but a great temperament too and can be kept as pets.
Also, not 100% decided about having another litter but there is a distinct possibility for one that should be ready at the end of Dec 09.
You couldn't find better as far as i'm concerned.
Sometimes you have to travel and wait for the best things in life.
Google "Kazzardsway" and contact them if you're interested.
Royvon Boarding & Training Facility (Surrey)
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When my beloved dog's appetite, lethargy and dyspnea appeared, I realized that without veterinary care I can not do. Hearsay, I already knew that some of Nassau County Limousine Service provides a service to transport animals to veterinary hospitals, to all exhibitions and dog training. But most call Nassau County Limousine Service, I have not had. And besides, I thought that the movement of animals in the car is always associated with a number of inconveniences and exorbitant compliance rules. But there was nothing, and I just dial the phone Allure limo (800) 247 6577, which first came across my eyes. And I never regretted my choice.
It was a phone Allure limo in Suffolk County. As it turned out, some rules for the transport of animals do exist. On them I politely told the manager: the dog must be muzzled, small dogs, while traveling, you can keep on hand or in a special cage, large dog, usually laid on a special mat on the floor of the car. Other nuances of carriage dogs, I had to comprehend even during the trip.
So, making taxi, I put on my Poof his favorite vest and prepared for a long wait limousine. But it turned out, the machine has already been filed to the entrance, and you can go. Been glad of such a speed, I carefully put the dog into a special tray for carrying small animals, which bought long ago and he was lying idle in the pantry. Here, at last, and helped her. Outside the door, I saw en route to my driver's side limousine. He shook hands and graciously took out, my hands move. Happy at the heart of such a courtesy, I sat in the back seat, and beside the driver put the tray.
Safely and quickly came to his veterinary clinic, I asked the limousine driver to wait for us, so you can easily get to the house. Do not make the same booking another Nassau County limousine service, I reasoned, when you can take advantage of services already caused. And he was right: the driver confirmed that he was in my possession for as long as no Pufi bring us back home. Still under the influence of such diverse and convenient limousine service on request, I went into the hospital.
The veterinarian diagnosed almost immediately, but I needed to take the dog for an X-ray in another hospital. And Allure limo did not disappoint me again! On the same machine, we went to several places: in a neighboring hospital, where the dog made an X-ray, and then returned to the first veterinary hospitals where the physician, having received confirmation of his fears, had ordered a drug and zoo pharmacy for a scarce medicine for my Puff, and finally arrived home. By the way, have finally quieted Health favorite dog, I asked driver on the services provided in his limo company.
It turned out that in addition to transport of animals, they have a whole range of transport services, ranging from trips around the city, call limousine to the airport and ending trips to suburban areas and corporate services businesses. Works a limousine service around the clock, so that travel anywhere was not limited to daylight hours. And besides, some of which I am convinced from experience: it is necessary Nassau County limousine service is not expensive, at least, called at the end of travel, an amount not exceeding the scheduled limit me.
My dog has recovered and now, I think it's time to take out the nature of the dacha. And for trips out of town I, of course, again, call your favorite and reliable Allure limo for me not to be offended, and all other Limo company hope, too, if it will again be my Allure limo.
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