The Siberian Husky and German Shepherd – Two Solid but Aloof Dogs
When you see the Siberian Husky or the German Shepherd, it is likely that you think of them on the screen as King of the Yukon or Rin Tin Tin (especially if you grew up watching old movies). In entertainment, these dogs have suffered through many generations with unusual and amazing names such as JFK's GSD, "Clipper;" Hitler's GSD, "Blondi;" and "Chucka," the Siberian Husky owned by Sgt. Robert Preston. Both breeds are equally famous for their rescue work. Togo, a Siberian Husky, led the husky team carrying the Diptheria serum to Nome in 1925. Tracker, the German Shepherd, served in the police force in the Sudbury District in Ontario where he was involved in approximately 500 searches for missing persons, criminals, drugs and security details in the early 1990's.
The Siberian Husky and the German Shepherd share many characteristics. They are both longer than they are tall, are friendly with family and friends but aloof with strangers, and are dedicated working dogs. Both have surprising facts associated with them, as well. The Siberian is around 3000 years old, originating in Siberia, to pull sleds with small loads. He is smaller than one would think, at about 35 – 50 pounds. He is known as the "escape artist" because of his ability to get over and under fences and this talent must be curbed since, as soon as he is free, he takes off running and will run easily for hours. Siberians are also surprisingly strong – as of 1963, Charlie the Husky was the strongest dog ever – he shifted a 3,142-lb sledge. The Siberian also has some interesting physical characteristics such as a nose that stays dry at night so that it doesn't freeze in sub-zero temperatures and, often, blue or piebald eyes. And Siberians are responsible for the phrase "Three Dog Night" originally coined by the Eskimos who were describing how cold it was by how many Huskies they needed to sleep with at night to keep warm.
There are also many surprising facts about the GSD. As the Siberian seems small for his strength, the GSD seems large for his agility and grace. He weighs in at 60 to 140 pounds and is the only breed whose back legs have been bred to crouch lower than his front. This characteristic began to be seen as a deformity in the mid-twentieth century and many breeders now breed straighter back legs. The GSD is part of the Herding Group as that was his original purpose though most dog owners would place him the Working Group. The first seeing eye dog, Buddy, was a GSD trained in 1928. And the GSD ranks third in canine intelligence. The German shepherd is a recent breed even though it seems as if they've been with us for many centuries. He was developed in the early part of the twentieth century, which seems impossible considering how much he has accomplished in such a short time.
Both breeds make excellent companions but serious training is needed as both are stubborn and independent. Once trained, a Siberian Husky or a German Shepherd will prove to be a dedicated, obedient dog who is even-tempered. Both have high activity levels and tend to be a one-person dog. These breeds certainly prove that dog is man's best friend and, properly trained, we can be dog's best friend, too.
About the Author
The author, Brett Carnganee lives in LA with his own lovable Prince, a Siberian Husky. When not writing in his blog or volunteering at the local pet shelter you can always be sure to find him playing with Prince at the local park.
Ontario eLite Dog Training feature on Peterborough CHEX-TV Newswatch @ 5:30
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Is Peaceful Pawz a good in home dog obedience company?
I am looking into in home dog obedience training for my 4 month old pit puppy and so far am most interested in Peaceful Pawz which is owned by Marianne Courey and located in Metro Detroit. I can't seem to find any reviews on her or her company and was hoping for a little help on here! The price is very reasonable (5 sessions/100$) but want to know if the training is worth it! Thanks!
For a puppy I would suggest that you GET OUT of the house and GO to a doggie obedience school. Why? Your dog needs to be exposed to new people, new places, and new dogs so that he or she can learn that they are all good things. If you want your dog to be calm and confident as an adult, you need to do training around a variety of things and make sure your dog has good experiences with those things as a puppy.
And as far as finding a good obedience school- looking at review online is always good but I'd also suggest that you ask if you can drop by and watch a class (ideally the one you'll be taking) before you sign up. Then you can decide if it is the kind of place you want. If things are totally out of control and there are 40 dogs running around barking like mad- it might not be a place for you. If you get there and the trainer says 'we don't use treats because they are bribes!' and then alpha-rolls her dog- you might not want to train there either. Best way to find one you like is to just go and look and ask questions. Don't be afraid to ask the people how long they've been training or how they got interested in dogs.
TRAINING LABRADOR and GOLDEN RETRIEVER PUPPIES (Savvy-Dog K9 Training Off Leash Obedience)
Get Your Dogs Trained with the Help of Houston dog Training experts
Dogs are an integral part of many of our families and this is common all over the world. Dog training is a must for most dogs, training will make the dogs respond and behave to certain commands. Simple dog training can make a dog to behave to commands like sit, stay, heel and many more. There are many advanced trainings programs provided by the Houston Dog Training centers, these trainings will teach the dogs how to behave with visitors and many more. At present there are many professional dog trainers in and around Houston, who are providing quality training.
Dogs are not only used as pets in homes, but there are also used in searching and rescuing operations, militaries and for hunting purposes. There are many different types of training classes for these dogs. Houston Dog Obedience Training will train depending on the character and the type of dog. The training classes are residential classes, advanced training classes and individual training private lessons. There are many types of tools used in the training of these dogs. Houston in home dog training has a private 20 acre dog park to ensure your pet is capable of handling any situation that arises.
There are also many dog-training programs that teach the owner to train like a professional dog trainer. But it is always better to get in touch with an expert, when it comes to dog training. As said earlier the basic commands used in these training centers are sit, stay, leave it, no, come and heel. Dog Training Houston also provides special training to the dog owners, so that they can know the commands and the steps to control their dogs and understand why the dog behaves the way it does. In these dog training programs the dogs are trained three to four times every day over the course of a month.
The training will also be depending on the body language of these dogs. Some people try to train their dogs by beating them, but this will make the problem trickier and the dog belligerent. A dog trainer can solve this problem by providing behavior correction training, by understanding the mental condition of the dog. Training rescue dogs are somewhat different to training other dogs. It may take around three months to fully train a rescue dog, there are also many rescue dog home all over the country. These homes offer these homeless dogs with good food and shelter. Small breed dog owners must know that, as like the big breed dogs the small breed dogs should also get training.
About the Author
There are many advanced trainings programs provided by the Houston Dog Training centers. Houston Dog Obedience Training will depend upon the character and the type of dog. The author has written many articles on dogs. He has also written many resourceful articles based on dog training.
How To Eliminate Your Dog's Behavior Problems Easily
No dog owner would like to experience dog behavior problems. These can cause too much hassle and irritation especially for the major problems. To correct your dog behavior problems, you need some good dog behavior training tips to teach him to listen to your commands.
If your dog's problems are not handled correctly, can waste your time and resources. Approximately ten minutes a day is all you need to do this. But, consistency and routine are very important.
Here are some dog behavior training tips that you can start today:
Understand the nature of your dog:
The first thing to do to solve your dog behavior problems is understand their nature, strengths and weaknesses. So, here are three helpful points,
1- A dog can't reason 2- A dog can't understand words, only sounds 3- A dog needs love
Remember these general characteristics when you are trying to train your dog. If you are the new dog owner you may need a good training guide provides a background of your dog's nature and presents a step-by-step approach to solving your concern to get enough information about dog's nature. Enforce Your command Immediately:
A long or retractable leash is always very useful for dog training. With the help of the leash, you can enforce your commands when your dog doesn't heed you right away.
However, avoid punishing your dog severely. Harsh punishments can only induce aggressive behavior from your pets in the long run. Any dog can be trained without harming or being cruel to your animal.
Use your voice effectively:
If you are correcting him, talk in a stern manner and use some loud tone but do not shout. When you are praising or rewarding your dog, use a nice voice with a smile. If you have to interrupt your dog from doing something he should not be doing, he will pay more attention if you say, "OI!" or "Ah!" rather than "No."
Daily training:
As I told before, consistency is crucial. If you are not consistent then you dog will get mixed signals and may make behavior worse or reinforce bad behaviors. So, you may need to learn having more patience with your dog.
Never repeat your command:
By repeating your command is giving your dog the option of ignoring you at least once.You can use your leash to enforce your command. Do not let him think he can ignore you.
Ignoring dog behavior problems is never effective. You have to accept that these problems take action immediately. solving your dog behavior problems can be done quickly and you can get the results that you will expect with some effort and patience.
About the Author
Are you struggling to train your dog? Does your dog disturb you with constant barking? Want to learn more solid proof ways to eliminate behavior problems? You can find solutions for all of these and much more help to train your dog here: http://e-training4dogs.com
dog behavior training tips
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Dog Training Builds Mutual Trust Between Owner and Pet
Many people who get a dog do a poor job of researching how much responsibility is involved in owning a pet. This is especially true of people who neglect dog training.
There's a wealth of information about dog training, but experts say that one of the best reasons to train a dog properly is to establish a relationship of mutual trust. Unlike other kinds of pets, dogs are social animals that have been bred through centuries to serve and be close to their human owners. Dogs by their nature are pack animals that look to a leader to know how to behave, and a human who doesn't establish this kind of relationship really fails to take good care of his or her dog.
Good dog training also should train the owner as well. Pet owners should know the proper commands to keep their animals under control, so that they can have confidence in how their pets will behave around people and other animals. This is especially important in situations where some kind of danger or hazard suddenly appears.
Unfortunately for dogs, humans for centuries had an attitude that it was necessary to "break a dog's spirit" in order to train them properly. This attitude resulted from humans' sense that they had to dominate their animals in order to control them properly. Thankfully over the last century or so, animal experts have learned much about the natural instincts and behaviors of dogs so that dog training has advance from this earlier, more cruel attitude.
The best thing a dog owner can do for his or her pet is to start their dog on obedience training as early as possible. The age to start obedience training may vary with the puppy's personality. Just like human beings, some pups are mature enough at 10 weeks to start training, while others may not be ready until 12 or 15 weeks. If an owner finds after a couple of weeks' classes that his or her puppy isn't responding, it's probably best to suspend obedience training and start again in another month or so.
Dog training for obedience involves the owner and puppy learning a series of basic commands. Among these are "sit, " "stay, " "down, " "come, " "heel, " "drop it" and "leave it." In most cases, these commands are taught with the use of food rewards such as dog food, tiny dog biscuits or small pieces of appropriate human food such as string cheese or baked or boiled chicken. Each of these commands is intended to teach a certain posture to the dog that the owner can use to control its behavior.
Among the basic obedience commands, "stay" and "heel" may be the most difficult for puppies to learn. Puppies are naturally full of energy and playfulness and they want nothing more than to explore. Owners who find it hard to channel all that puppy energy must develop the patience to keep practicing all obedience commands until their dogs can do them well instantly.
One thing that is never, never, never appropriate in dog training is to strike, hit or physically abuse a dog in any way. Dogs, especially puppies, quickly become devoted to their owners and physical abuse will destroy that relationship. Always train a dog with firmness, but with patience and lots of love.
About the Author
Dogs can become more loyal, obedient, and affectionate towards their owners through vigorous puppy training . Enroll your canine companion in some dog training Kelowna today!
Protection Dog Obedience Demonstration (circa 2007).mp4
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I just got an English Mastiff puppy, and looking for some training tips. She is eight weeks old...?
Looking for some advice, tips, or instructions on potty training. I have raised dogs and trained them before, but it has been a while and I want to hear anything that might help potty train quickly, also with kennel training... anything that might help the crying at night in her kennel? I have a wind up alarm clock in the kennel I've heard helps (they think it's their mother's heart beating). Any advice would be helpful! Thank you!
make sure puppy associates the kennel to something positive by praising him every time you put him in.NEVER use the kennel as a punishment.put a favorite toy and a blanket in it and it wont hurt to give a treat as well.make sure the kennel isn't too big or too small.puppy should be able to stand up, turn around and stretch out.
Seattle Puppy Training Tips from Ahimsa Dog Training in Seattle
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Obedience Training Resolves Bad Dog Behavior in Most Cases
There is nothing worse then a dog that jumps on anyone who walks in the front door, barks all day long, doesn't listen to your commands, or relieves himself in your house. These are just a few examples of the sorts of bad dog behavior that drives owners crazy. If you are having these types of behavioral problems with you dog then it might be time to try some basic obedience training.
Dogs are very social creatures and they love attention, even if it's for doing the wrong thing. Dog obedience training is the best way to re-program the way your dog goes about seeking attention because it them a positive outlet to please you. It also teaches them the difference between good and bad behavior because once they understand what you want from them they will always work to earn your praise.
There are two ways to approach training your dog to correct bad behavior; you can do it your self or you can sign up for a dog training class. If you are having a particularly hard time with your dog's behavior then a class run by a professional trainer may be your best bet. Not only do you get their years of experience working with just about every kind of behavioral problem you also get a chance to find out exactly how to best deal with your dog's problems. Dog obedience classes also give you the opportunity to socialize your dog with other dogs, which is a big part of solving many of his behavior issues.
If you don't wish to train your dog in a class setting then you can still use the services of a professional trainer. Many trainers will provide private lessons, either at their place of business or at your home. Again you will get their experience working with all sorts of dogs but it will be more cost prohibitive.
If you would rather train your misbehaving dog yourself there are plenty of resources available to help you. Your local pet or book store will have plenty of books on the subject, some even specific to your particular breed. This can be important because not all breeds respond as well to the same training methods. Getting a better understanding of the intelligence level, mood, and temperament of your dog can give you insight into why he might be misbehaving.
There are also good training methods available on the internet. Most of these are downloadable ebooks written by professional dog trainers. They cover a wide variety of bad behavior problems and give you the insight of a pro without having to pay to see one in person. One of the nice things about going this route is the ability to email the trainers with questions and problems you may be having. This personal touch makes the low cost of these products a good way to go.
Bad dog behavior in the majority of cases is simply a case of a lack of proper obedience training. No matter which training option you choose your chances of turning your misbehaving dog into a model doggy citizen are greatly increased if you take the time to train him properly.
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3 Essential German Shepherd Puppy Training Tips to Help You Have a Well-Behaved Shepherd
German shepherd puppy training tips are crucial for raising a well-behaved, strong and loyal dog who obediently obeys your commands. With the right kind of training, you will be able to raise a german shepherd who doesn't jump on your furniture or bed, won't bark at strangers, claws at the rugs and scratches up your belongings, or goes to the potty when and where he shouldn't.
Contrary to what many dog owners believe, very little of this hinges on the dog's personality; any dog can be trained, and german shepherds (being herding dogs) are extremely responsive to training. If you want to avoid the frustration of a puppy that chews on everything and poops on all your furniture, you need to follow these german shepherd pupppy training tips.
1. Start training from day 1
Yes, your puppy is cute and adorable, but that doesn't mean he shouldn't be corrected when he jumps on you, your friends, or your furniture. Recognize that this is the temptation, but it must be avoided or else your puppy will have a hard time with training down the line. After all, if you only correct him sometimes, how would he know when he isn't supposed to do something?
2. Understand how important positive feedback is
A lot of dog owners think that dog training means telling the dog "NO" constantly and slapping them around or being abusive to the dog. On the contrary; negative enforcement is not as effective as positive reinforcement. This is absolutely crucial in german shepherd puppy training. When your dog does do something you want him to, give him a treat and some praise - and you will see much better results when you encourage this good behavior in your german shepherd puppy.
3. Socialize your puppy
This is undoubtedly one of the most crucial of german shepherd puppies training tips. By ensuring that your dog is constantly in contact with other people and dogs, you are ensuring that he won't be confused or startled when new people or dogs enter your house, and he therefore will feel no need to jump on them or bark. Get your german shepherd puppy used to seeing other dogs and people. You can sign up for a training class or simply start taking walks to the park (preferably a dog park if you have one). Your puppy, who is naturally social, will absolutely love you for this.
It might seem like training a german shepherd puppy is a lot of work, but you must remember that you accepted this responsibility when you got a dog. Having a well behaved dog is a lot of work - at least at first. Eventually, as days pass, your training process will become easier both for you and the dog, as these good training habits will be second nature to you and your dog, and he will recognize you as the pack leader.
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Is Your Dog's Behavior out of Control and Undisciplined? Are You Unsure How to Apply Dog Obedience Training and Stop Them from Destroying Your House? Let Me Tell You What I Did to Solve This Problem.
Why consider dog obedience training
Hello fellow dog owners, my name is Troy, I live in Las Vegas and am a proud owner of a family dog named Layla. We have had Layla for a few years now and she is really a great dog. However that was not always the case. You see back in 2008 I had promised my daughter that if she made improvement in school and raised her grades that we would get a dog. My daughter never had a dog before and I had not had a dog since I was child. Well, you guessed it she improved her grades and we set out to find a family dog.
Now, I am a single father with two young children at home so money is an issue with everything we set out to do. We had decided that since there was such overpopulation at the local animal shelter that we would adopt a dog rather than buy one from a pet store. We were proud that we able to rescue a dog that may have been put down and we saved money as well. We also got lucky as found what we believe to be an English Pointer. We did not realize that when we were looking at all the dogs at the animal shelter, we just knew she was adorable and my daughter instantly fell in love with her. The lady at the animal shelter suggested considering dog obedience training classes, she said it would cost about $75. I figured we would be fine without dog obedience training classes as I had several dogs when I was growing up. We paid the fees and took out new dog Layla home.
How I learned about dog obedience training
Well we quickly realized why it was suggested to have Layla take dog obedience training classes. In the first week she had chewed up 2 pairs of my shoes, destroyed several of daughter's stuffed animals and ate the cables to my son's video game controllers. She also had a very sensitive stomach and many of the dog foods we tried feeding here gave her diarrhea. I was regretting ever agreeing to get a dog, my life just got even more stressful. I figured we needed to follow through with the dog obedience training classes but coming up with an extra $75 and driving to the other side of town every week was a bit overwhelming. Now as I mentioned I am a single father with 2 young children, a full time job and volunteer as my kids youth soccer coach. The thought of dishing out more money and driving clear across town with 2 kids, an undisciplined dog all between school, soccer practice and my daughter's girl scouts meetings was more than I felt I could handle. So, what did I do? I went online and found what I believe to be most complete dog obedience training and dog care method available. Now many dog training products exist but I would like to recommend to you the one that really worked for me. The best part was I did not have to waste my limited time to drive across town in traffic while spending more money than I can afford. I tell you all this because this product simplified my life and I only spent a totally $17 and completed the process in my own home. If you can relate to my story then you really need to click on the link below.
About the Author
Troy Powers is a pround dog owner of a English Pointer named Layla who has completed a dog obedience training program.
Obedience Training (chacco pitbull dog Iligan City)
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To a certain degree, Indonesian can be regarded as an open language. Over the years, foreign languages such as Sanskrit, Chinese, Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch and English have influenced and expanded the Indonesian language, mostly through trade contacts and international media.
Because of its semi-open status, there are those who regard Indonesian (as well as other forms of Malay) as lacking sufficient vocabulary and specialist terminologies. Yet some linguists consider this view to be a misconception, as a vast majority of foreign adopted words do have native equivalents. For example, the word asimilasi (from the Dutch word assimilatie) can also be expressed in Indonesian as penggabungan. Many words describing more modern inventions, objects or ideas are often Indonesianised adoptions of foreign words (e.g. computer becomes komputer), although many of these words also have Indonesian equivalents. For example, a "cell/mobile phone" can be referred to in Indonesian as either pon-sel/ telepon seluler (lit. cellular-telephone), HP (pronounced hah-ph - the acronymic form of hand phone) or telepon genggam (lit. "hold-in-the-hand telephone"). Other words such as "rice cooker" may be referred to simply as "rice cooker" or, again, in a more native Indonesian/ Malay form, i.e. penanak nasi (a word formed from the verb menanak, meaning 'to cook rice by boiling' + nasi, meaning 'cooked rice'). Overall, the use of native and non-native words in Indonesian is equally common and reflects the country's efforts towards modernization and globalization.
Many aspects of Indonesian grammar are relatively simple in the initial stages of study, making it one of the easiest languages to learn for adults. Indonesian does not require conjugation of verb tenses or participles, plural forms, articles and gender distinction for the third person pronouns. It is important to note that neither do many other languages traditionally regarded as 'complex', including Chinese (see Chinese grammar) and Thai for example. In spite of this, Indonesian and Malay are generally regarded as easy languages to learn, mostly because they are not tonal languages and they no longer use complex characters within their writing system, but rather utilize the Latin alphabet. Similar cases can also be seen in other Southeast Asian languages such as Vietnamese and Tagalog.
However, Indonesian does possess a complex system of affixations. The absence of tenses in the language is replaced by the use of aspect particles and (as with any language) Indonesian grammar often presents an array of exceptions. Also, the simplicity of Indonesian grammar at a beginners or basic level has the disadvantage of misleading many learners of the language into thinking that more advanced Indonesian grammar is just as simple.
History
Indonesian is a normative form of the Malay language, an Austronesian (or Malayo-Polynesian) language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries. It was elevated to the status of official language with the Indonesian declaration of independence in 1945, drawing inspiration from the Sumpah Pemuda (Youth's Oath) event in 1928.
Because of its origins, Indonesian (in its most standard form) is mutually intelligible with the official Malaysian form of Malay. However, it does differ from Malaysian in some aspects, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. These differences are mainly due to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian. Indonesian was also influenced by the "bazaar Malay" that was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by the other spoken languages of the islands: Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the literary Malay of earlier centuries.
Whilst Indonesian is spoken as a mother tongue (first language) by only a small proportion of Indonesia's large population (i.e. mainly those who reside within the vicinity of Jakarta), over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language - some with varying degrees of proficiency. In a nation which boasts more than 300 native languages and a vast array of ethnic groups, the use of proper or 'good and correct' Indonesian (as opposed to Indonesian slang or regional dialects) is an essential means of communication across the archipelago. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, amongst members of the Indonesian upper-class or nobility and also in many other formal situations.
Most native speakers of Indonesian would agree that the standard, correct version of the Indonesian language is rarely used in daily communication. One can find standard and correct Indonesian in books and newspapers, or listen to it when watching the news or television/radio broadcasts, but few native Indonesian speakers use formally correct language in their daily conversations. While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond to written standards), the degree of "correctness" of spoken Indonesian (in terms of grammar and vocabulary) by comparison to its written form is noticeably low. This is mostly due to the fact that most Indonesians tend to combine certain aspects of their own local languages (eg. Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and even Chinese dialects, particularly Hokkien) with Indonesian. The result is the creation of various types of 'regional' Indonesian, the very types that a foreigner is most likely to hear upon arriving in any Indonesian city or town. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the use of Indonesian slang, particularly in the cities. A classic example of a speaker of accented Indonesian is former president Soeharto, whose Javanese accent came through whenever he delivered a speech.
The Dutch colonisation left an imprint on the Indonesian language that can be seen in words such as polisi (police), kualitas/kwaliteit (quality), wortel (carrot), kamar (room, chamber), rokok (cigarette), korupsi (corruption), persneling (gear), kantor (office), and resleting (zipper). Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include sabun (soap), meja (table), boneka (doll), jendela (window), gereja (church), bola (ball), dua (two, feminine portuguese), bendera (flag), roda (wheel), sepatu (from sapato = shoes), kereta (from careto = wagon), bangku (from banco = chair), keju (from queijo = cheese), garpu (from garfo = fork), trigu (from trigo = flour), mentega (from manteiga = butter), Sabtu (from Sabado = Saturday) and Minggu (from domingo = Sunday). Some of the many words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau ( bshu - knife), loteng, (/ = lu/cng - [upper] floor/ level), mie ( > mi'n - noodles), lumpia ( (Hokkien = ln-pi) - springroll), cawan, ( chwn - teacup), teko ( > = chh [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' and 'lu/li' - meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). From Sanskrit came words such as kaca (glass, mirror), raja (king), manusia (mankind) b(h)umi/ dunia (earth/ world) and agama (religion). Words of Arabic origin include k(h)abar (news), selamat/ salam (a greeting), senin (Monday), selasa (Tuesday), jumaat (Friday), ijazah (diploma), hadiah (gift/present), mungkin (from mumkin = perhaps), maklum (understood), kitab (book), tertib (orderly) and kamus (dictionary). There are also words derived from Javanese, e.g. aku (meaning I/ me (informal) and its derivative form, mengaku (to admit or confess).
Classification
The Indonesian language is part of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages. According to the Ethnologue, Indonesian is modelled after Riau Malay, a form of Old Malay originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra.
Geographic distribution
This is a map of where Indonesian is predominantly spoken. Dark green represents where Indonesian is spoken as a major language. Light green represents where it is a minority language.
The language is spoken throughout Indonesia (and East Timor), although it is used most extensively as a first language in urban areas and usually as a second or third language in more rural parts of Indonesia. It is also spoken by an additional 1.5+ million people worldwide, particularly in the Netherlands, the Philippines and Malaysia. Also spoken as daily language in some parts of Australia (mostly in Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Brunei, Singapore, some parts of Thailand ( Southern Thailand ), East Timor, Saudi Arabia, Suriname, New Caledonia, and the United States.
Official status
Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia.
Sounds
Phonology
The following are phonemes of modern Indonesian.
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
Close
i
u
Close-mid
e
o
Open-mid
()
()
Open
a
Indonesian also has the diphthongs /ai/, /au/, and /oi/. In closed syllables, such as air (water), however, the two vowels are not pronounced as a diphthong.
Consonants
Labial
Apical
Postalveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
Plosive
p b
t d
k g
Affricate
Fricative
(f)
s (z)
()
(x)
h
Liquid
l r
Approximant
w
j
Note: The vowels between parentheses are allophones while the consonants in parentheses are loan phonemes and as such only occur in loanwords.
Learning pronunciation
Here are a few useful tips for the English speaking learner:
/k/, /p/, and /t/ are unaspirated, i.e. they are not followed by a noticeable puff of air as they often are in English words.
/t/ and /d/ are dental, rather than alveolar as in English.
When /k/ is at the end of a syllable it becomes a glottal stop, which sounds like it is cut off sharply e.g. baik, bapak. This is similar to a number of English dialects where final /t/ is glottalized ("got", "what"). Only a few Indonesian words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs), and it may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
The letter 'c' in a word is never pronounced as a 'k' or 's' e.g. kucing (meaning cat) is pronounced [kuti].
Stress is placed on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable of each base word. But if this syllable contains a schwa then the accent moves to the last syllable.
For more, and to listen to examples, see SEASite Guide to Pronunciation of Indonesian
Grammar
Word order
Adjectives, demonstrative pronouns and possessive pronouns follow the noun they modify.
The basic word order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO). However many Indonesians will speak in a passive/objective voice, making use of the Object Verb Subject word order. This OVS word order in Indonesian will often permit the omission of the subject and/or object (i.e. ellipses of noun/pronoun) and can benefit the speaker/writer in two ways:
1) Adding a sense of politeness and respect to a statement or question
For example, a polite shop assistant in a store may avoid the use of pronouns altogether and ask:
Ellipses of pronoun (Subject & Object)
Literal English
Idiomatic English
Bisa dibantu?
Can + to be helped?
Can (I) help (you)?
2) Convenience when the subject is unknown, not important or implied by context
For example, a friend may enquire as to when you bought your property, to which you may respond:
Ellipses of pronoun (Implied Subject)
Literal English
Idiomatic English
Rumah ini dibeli lima tahun yang lalu
House this + to be purchased five year(s) ago
The house was purchased five years ago
Ultimately, the choice between active and passive voice (and therefore word order) is a choice between actor and patient and depends quite heavily on the language style and context.
Word Formation
Indonesian is an agglutinative language and new words are generally formed via three methods. New words can be created through affixation (the attaching of affixes onto root words), formation of a compound word (a composition of two or more separate words), or reduplication (repetition of words or portions of words).
Adjectives
Unlike in English, adjectives in the Indonesian language follow nouns:
Indonesian
Literal English word order
Normal English translation
Mobil merah
Car red
Red car
Dia orang yang terkenal sekali
He/she person which well-known very
He/she is a very famous/well-known person
(Sebuah) cerita panjang
(A) story long
A long story
Affixation
The Indonesian language utilises a complex system of affixes (i.e. prefix, infix, suffix and confix (circumfix)). Affixes are applied with certain rules which depend on the initial letter of a base word (BW = base word, eg. a habitual verb, adjective, etc in its simplest form), and/or the sound combination of the second syllable. For example:
The affix Ber + ajar (teach) = BeLajar (Note the deletion of 'R' and the addition of 'L')
= to study
The affixes Me + ajar + -kan = meNGajarkan (Note the addition of 'NG')
= to teach (transitive)
By comparison
The affix Ber + judi (gamble) = Berjudi (Note that Ber- remains unchanged)
= to gamble
The affixes Me + judi + -kan = meNjudikan (Note the addition of 'N')
= to gamble away (money, one's life, etc)
Also, depending on the affix used, a word can have different grammatical meanings (e.g. me + makan (memakan) means to eat something (in the sense of digesting it), while di + makan (dimakan) means to be eaten (passive voice), ter + makan (termakan) means to be accidentally eaten. Often two different affixes are used to change the meaning of a word. For example, duduk means to sit down, whereas men + duduk + kan (mendudukkan) means to sit someone/ something down. Men + duduk + i (menduduki) means to sit on something, di + duduk + kan (didudukkan) means to be sat down, diduduki (diduduki) means to be sat on, etc).
As with any language, Indonesian grammar can often present an array of inconsistencies and exceptions. Some base words when combined with two affixes (eg. me + BW + kan) can produce an adjective rather than a verb, or even both. For example, bosan when combined with the affixes me- and -kan produces the word membosankan, meaning boring (adjective) or to bore (someone) (active verb). However, not all base words can be combined with affixes, nor are they always consistent in their subsequent usage and meaning. A prime example is the word tinggal which, when combined with affixes, can change quite dramatically in both meaning and grammatical use:
Tinggal (base word (BW) form) = to reside, live (in a place)
Meninggal (MeN+BW) = to die, pass away (short form of 'Meningal dunia' below)
Meninggal dunia (MeN+BW + world) = to pass away, to die (lit. pass on from the world)
Meninggalkan (MeN+BW+kan) = to leave (a place); to leave behind/abandon (someone/ something)
Ketinggalan (Ke+BW+an) = to miss (a bus, train, etc); to be left behind
Tertinggal (Ter+BW) = to be (accidentally) left behind
Ditinggalkan (Di+BW+kan) = to be left behind; to be abandoned
Selamat tinggal (word + BW) = goodbye (said to the person staying)
Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to base words. The following are examples of noun affixes:
Type of noun affixes
Affix
Example of root word
Example of derived word
Prefix
pe(N)-
duduk (sit)
penduduk (resident)
ke-
hendak (want)
kehendak (desire)
juru-
acara (event)
juru-acara (event host)
Infix
-el-
tunjuk (point)
telunjuk (index finger, command)
-em-
kelut (dishevelled)
kemelut (chaos, crisis)
-er-
gigi (teeth)
gerigi (toothed blade, serration)
Suffix
-an
bangun (wake up, raise)
bangunan (building)
Confix
ke-...-an
raja (king)
kerajaan (kingdom)
pe-...-an
kerja (work)
pekerjaan (occupation)
(N) and (R) indicate that if a word begins with certain letters (most often vowels or consonants k, p, s, t), the letter will either be omitted or other letters will replace it, most commonly with the letters in the bracket or m, ng, ny and l.
Similarly, verb affixes are attached to root words to form verbs. In Indonesian, there are:
Type of verb affixes
Affix
Example of root word
Example of derived word
Prefix
be(L)-
ajar (teach)
belajar (to study) - Intransitive
me(N)-
tolong (help)
menolong (to help) - Active transitive
me(NG)-
gambar (picture)
menggambar (to draw) - Active transitive
di-
ambil (take)
diambil (is being taken) - Passive transitive
memper-
dalam (depth)
memperdalam (to deepen)
dipe(R)-
dalam (deep)
diperdalam (is being further deepen)
te(R)-
makan (eat)
termakan (to have accidentally eaten)
Suffix
-kan
letak (place, keep)
letakkan (keep) - Imperative transitive
-i
jauh (far)
jauhi (avoid) - Imperative transitive
Confix
be(R)-...-an
pasang (pair)
berpasangan (to be paired)
be(R)-...-kan
dasar (base)
berdasarkan (based upon)
me(M)-...-kan
pasti (certain)
memastikan (to ensure)
me(N)-...-i
teman (companion)
menemani (to accompany)
mempe(R)-...-kan
guna (use)
mempergunakan (to misuse, to utilise)
mempe(L)-...-i
ajar (teach)
mempelajari (to study)
ke-...-an
hilang (disappear)
kehilangan (to lose)
di-...-i
sakit (pain)
disakiti (is being hurt)
di-...-kan
benar (right)
dibenarkan (is allowed to)
dipe(R)-...-kan
kenal (know, recognise)
diperkenalkan (is being introduced)
Adjective affixes are attached to base words to form adjectives:
Type of adjective affixes
Affix
Example of root word
Example of derived word
Prefix
te(R)-
kenal (know)
terkenal (famous)
se-
rupa (appearance)
serupa (similar (to))
Infix
-em-
cerlang (radiant bright)
cemerlang (bright, excellent)
-er-
sabut (husk)
serabut (dishevelled)
Confix
ke-...-an
barat (west)
kebaratan (westernized)
In addition to these affixes, Indonesia language also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example maha-, pasca-, eka-, bi-, anti-, pro-, pra-, etc.
Compound words
In Indonesian, new words can be formed by conjoining two or more base words. Compound words, when they exist freely in a sentence, are often written separately. Compound words are only attached to each other when they are bound by a confix or when they are already considered as stable words.
For example, the word rumah which means house and makan which means eat, are compounded to form a new word rumah makan (restaurant). Similarly, ambil alih (take over) is formed using the root words ambil (take) and alih (shift), but will link together when a circumfix is attached to it, i.e. pengambilalihan (takeover). Certain stable words, such as kakitangan (personnel), and kerjasama (co-oporation; corporation), are spelled as one word even though the words they consist of can also exist freely in sentences.
Initial Consonant Morphing
Indonesian makes use of initial consonant morphing when using the prefixes me- and pe-. This means that according to the initial sound of the base word, the sounds used in the prefix will differ; this is based on the place of articulation.
The sound following the me- or pe- suffix is usually a nasal(m, n, ny, ng) or liquid(l, r) sound. Which sound is used depends on the point of articulation. E.g. the initial sound of beli, /b/, is a bi-labial sound (pronounced using both the lips), so the nasal bi-labial sound, /m/ is placed before the base word, creating membeli.
The initial consonant is dropped if it is unvoiced(/p/, /t/, /s/, /k/), e.g. menulis/tulis, memilih/pilih.
Grammatical gender
Generally Indonesian does not make use of grammatical gender, and there are only select words that use natural gender. For instance, the same word is used for he and she (dia/ia) or for his and her (dia/ia/-nya). No real distinction is made between "girlfriend" and "boyfriend" (except in the more colloquial terms cewek (girl, girlfriend) and cowok (guy, boyfriend). A majority of Indonesian words that refer to people generally have a form that does not distinguish between the sexes. However, unlike English, distinction is made between older or younger (a characteristic quite common to many Asian languages). For example, adik refers to a younger sibling of either gender and kakak refers to an older sibling, again, either male or female. In order to specify the natural gender of a noun, an adjective must be added. Thus, adik laki-laki corresponds to "younger brother" but really means "younger male sibling".
There are some words that are gendered, for instance putri means "daughter", and putra means "son" and also pramugara means "air steward" (male flight attendant) and pramugari meaning "air stewardess" (female flight attendant). Another example would be olahragawan, which equates to "sportsman", and olahragawati, meaning sportswoman. Often, words like these (or certain suffixes such as "-a" and "-i" or "-wan" and "wati") are absorbed from other languages (in these cases, from Sanskrit through the Old Javanese language). In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatera and Jakarta, abang (a gender-specific term meaning "older brother") is commonly used as a form of address for older siblings/ males, whilst kakak (a non-gender specific term (meaning "older sibling") is often used to mean "older sister". Similarly, more direct influences from dialects such as Javanese and Chinese languages have also seen further use of other gendered words in Indonesian. For example: Mas (Jav. = older brother), M'bak (Jav. = older sister), Koko (older brother) and Cici (older sister).
Measure words
Another distinguishing feature of Indonesian language is its use of measure words. In this way, it is similar to many other languages of Asia, including Thai, Lao, Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, and Bengali.
Examples of these measure words are: ekor (used for animals), buah (generally used for non-living things), orang (used for people), lembar (used for paper), helai (used for long, thin and generally flat things), biji (used for tiny, round things), batang (used for long, stick-like objects), etc. However, these measure words may not always be used in informal conversation.
Indonesian
Literal English translation
Normal English translation
Tiga ekor sapi
Three tails (of) cow
Three cows
Sepuluh orang tentara
Ten people soldiers
Ten soldiers
Lima lembar/ helai/ carik kertas
Five sheets/pieces of paper
Five sheets/pieces of paper
Sebelas buah apel
Eleven fruits (of) apple
Eleven apples
Importantly, when a measure word is being used in conjunction with only one object, the numeral prefix se- is used in front of the measure word, not satu. Therefore a banana would be translated as (se + MW + object) = sebuah pisang.
Negation
There are three major forms of negation used in the Indonesian language, namely tidak, bukan and belum.
Tidak (sometimes shortened to tak) is used for the negation of a verb and adjective.
For example: "saya tidak tahu" = I do not know OR "Ibu saya tidak senang" = My mother is not happy
Bukan is used in the negation of a noun.
For example: "Itu bukan anjing saya" = That is not my dog
Belum is primarily used to negate a sentence or phrase with the sense that something has not yet been accomplished or experienced. In this sense, belum can also be used as a negative response to a question.
For example: "Anda sudah pernah ke Indonesia (belum)? "Belum, saya masih belum pernah pergi ke Indonesia" = Have you ever been to Indonesia before, (or not)? No, I have not yet been to Indonesia OR "Orang itu belum terbiasa tinggal di Indonesia" = That person is not (yet) used to living in Indonesia.
NB: Another kind of negation involves the word jangan, which equates to the English equivalent of "don't" or "do not". Jangan is used for negating imperatives or advising against certain actions. For example, "Jangan tinggalkan saya di sini!" = 'Don't leave me here!'
Pluralisation
Plurals are expressed by means of reduplication, but only when the plural is not implied in the context. Thus "person" is orang, and "people" is orang-orang, but "a thousand people" is seribu orang, as the use of a numeral (i.e. seribu) renders it unnecessary to mark the plural form.
For foreigners learning Indonesian, the concept of grammatical reduplication is not as easy to grasp as it may seem. Besides expressing plurals, reduplication can also be used to create new words that differ in meaning. For instance, hati means "heart" or "liver" (depending on context) whereas hati-hati means "to be careful" and is often used as a verb. As stated above, orang means "person" while orang-orang means "people", but orang-orangan means "scarecrow". Also, not all reduplicated words indicate plural forms of a word with many words naturally expressed in reduplicated form. Examples of these include, biri-biri (sheep), kupu-kupu (butterfly) which can imply both a singular or plural meaning, depending on the context or numeral used.
By contrast, there are also some types of plural words that are expressed by reduplication of a similar sounding (but essentially different) word. In these cases the general sound of a word/phrase is repeated, but the initial letter of the repeated word is changed. A common example of this is sayur-mayur (not sayur-sayur) meaning "vegetables" (plural). Another type of reduplication can be formed through the use of certain affixes (e.g. pe- + -an). For instance, pepohonan ([various kinds of] trees, from the word pohon [tree]), perumahan (houses/ housing, from the word rumah [house]) or pegunungan (mountains, mountain range, from the word gunung [mountain]), and so on.
Another useful word to remember when pluralizing in Indonesian is beberapa, which means "some." For example one may use beberapa pegunungan to describe a series of mountain ranges, and beberapa kupu-kupu to describe (plural) butterflies.
Pronouns
There are two forms of "we", kami or kita, depending on whether the speaker includes the person being talked to. Kami (exclusive) is used when the person or people being spoken to are not included, while kita (inclusive) includes the opposite party. Their usage is increasingly confused in colloquial Indonesian. There are two major forms of "I", which are saya and aku. Despite having the same meaning, saya is definitely the more formal form, whereas Aku is used often used with family, friends and between lovers. There are three common forms of "you", which are kamu, Anda and kalian. Anda is the more polite form of "you" and is used in conversations with someone you barely know, advertising, business situations or with someone whom you wish to respect. Kalian is the common plural form of "you" and is often said to be slightly informal.
NB: Because of the overall structure of Indonesian society and influences from regional dialects, many more different pronouns exist in Indonesian. Some of these 'additional pronouns' may show utmost politeness and respect (eg. saudara/saudari = you (male/female) or Anda sekalian = you (polite, plural form)), may be used only in the most informal of situations (eg. gua/ lu = me/ you - see Indonesian slang), or may even possess somewhat romantic or poetic nuances(eg. daku/dikau = me/you).
Common Indonesian Pronouns
Type
Indonesian
English
First Person
Saya (standard, polite), Aku (informal, familiar), Gua (informal, slang)
I, me
Kami (excl.), Kita (incl.)
We, us
Second Person
Anda (polite, formal), Saudara/Saudari (polite, formal)
You
Kamu (familiar, informal), (Eng)kau (familiar, informal), Lu (informal, slang)
You
Kalian (plural, informal), Anda sekalian (plural, formal), Saudara(i)-saudara(i) (polite)
You
Third Person
Ia, Dia
He, she, it
Beliau (high respect)
He, She
Mereka
They
Possessive pronouns
Type of possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns
Example of root word
Example of derived word(s)
First person
Saya, Aku (I)
-ku
meja (table)
mejaku (my table)
Kami (we, referring to 1st and 3rd person), kita (we, referring to 1st and 2nd person)
... (milik) kami/kita
kursi (chair)
kursi (milik) kami, kursi (milik) kita (our chair)
Second person
Kamu (you)
-mu
meja (table)
mejamu (your table)
Anda, Saudara (you(polite))
... (milik) Anda/Saudara
kursi (chair)
kursi (milik) Anda/Saudara (your chair)
Kalian (you(plural))
... (milik) kalian
kursi (chair)
kursi (milik) kalian (your chair)
Third person
Dia, Ia (he, she, it)
-nya
meja (table)
mejanya (his, her, its table)
Beliau (he, she, it (polite))
... (milik) Beliau
meja (table)
meja (milik) Beliau (his, her, its table)
Mereka (they)
... (milik) mereka
kursi (chair)
kursi (milik) mereka (their chair)
Demonstrative pronouns
There are two kinds of demonstrative pronouns in the Indonesian language. Ini (this, these) is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker. Itu (that, those) is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker. There is no difference between singular form and the plural form. However, plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a demonstrative pronoun. Also, the word yang is often placed before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty, particularly when making references or enquiries about something/ someone.
Various Uses
Demonst. Pronoun
Simple Use
English Meaning
Ini
Buku ini
This book
Itu
Kucing itu
That cat
Demonst. Pronoun
Plural Form (via Noun duplication)
English Meaning
Ini
Buku-buku ini
These books
Itu
Kucing-kucing itu
Those cats
Demonst. Pronoun + yang
Example Sentence
English Meaning
Yang ini
Q: Anda mau membeli buku yang mana?
A: Saya mau beli yang ini
Q: Which book do you wish to purchase?
A: I would like this one (this book)
Yang itu
Q: Kucing mana yang makan tikusmu?
A: Yang itu!
Q: Which cat ate your mouse?
A: That one (that cat)!
Verbs
Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators (sometimes referred to as aspect particles), such as belum (not yet) or sudah (already). On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and denote active-passive voices. Such affixes include prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and their combinations; all of which are often ignored in informal conversations.
Emphasis
Although the basic word order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO), as mentioned above, it is possible to make frequent use of passive voice or to scramble word order, thus adding emphasis on a certain sentence particle. The particle being emphasised is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence. In spoken Indonesian, the aspect of the sentence being emphasised is usually followed by a short pause before continuing on with the remainder of the sentence.
Some examples include:
Saya pergi ke pasar kemarin "I went to the market yesterday" neutral, or with emphasis on the subject.
Kemarin saya pergi ke pasar "Yesterday I went to the market" emphasis on yesterday.
Ke pasar saya pergi, kemarin "To the market I went yesterday" emphasis on where I went yesterday.
Pergi ke pasar, saya, kemarin "To the market went I yesterday" emphasis on the process of going to the market.
NB: Some of the above examples (namely the latter two) are more likely to be encountered in spoken Indonesian rather than written forms of the language.
Vocabulary
Indonesian as a modern dialect of Malay has borrowed heavily from many languages, including: Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese and many other languages, including other Austronesian languages. It is estimated that there are some 750 Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indonesian, 1,000 Arabic loans, some of Persian and Hebrew origin, some 125 words of Portuguese (also Spanish and Italian) origin and a staggering number of some 10,000 loanwords from Dutch. The latter also comprises many words from other European languages, which came via Dutch, the so-called "International Vocabulary". The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from the root lexical stock of its Austronesian (incl. Old Malay) heritage.
Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of Latin in English and other Western European languages. Residents of Bali and Java tend to be particularly proud of the Hindu-Buddhist heritage. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms. These are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the time of Christ. The words are either directly borrowed from India or with the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese English dictionary by prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.
The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam, as can be expected. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus. Psalms used to be translated as Zabur, the Arabic name, but now it is called Mazmur which corresponds more with Hebrew.
Loanwords from Portuguese are common words, which were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands".
The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. There is a considerable Chinese presence in the whole of Southeast Asia. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia is almost 1%, although this may likely be an underestimate.
The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an impressive vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, and also from other non Italo-Iberian, European languages loanwords which came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the schwa. For example Dutch schroef ['sxruf] sekrup [s'krup].
As modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources, there are many synonyms. For example, Indonesian has three words for "book", i.e. pustaka (from Sanskrit), kitab (from Arabic) and buku (from Dutch). These words have, unsurprisingly, slightly different meanings. A pustaka is often connected with ancient wisdom or sometimes with esoteric knowledge. A derived form, perpustakaan means a library. A kitab is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidances. The Indonesian words for the Bible are Alkitab and Injil, both directly derived from Arabic. The book containing the penal code is also called the kitab. Buku is the most common word for books.
In addition to those above (and the borrowed words listed under the sub-heading History towards the top of this article), there are also direct borrowings from various other languages of the world, such as "karaoke" from Japanese, and "modem" from English.
See also: List of borrowed words in Indonesian
Spoken & informal Indonesian
Further information: Indonesian slang language
In very informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature (e.g. tidak (no) is often replaced with the Javanese nggak whilst seperti (like, similar to) is often replaced with kayak (pronounced kai-yah)). As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as /e/ and /o/. In informal writing the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. E.g.: capai becomes cape or capek, pakai become pake, kalau becomes kalo.
In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is usually retained. E.g.: mengangkat becomes ngangkat (the basic word is angkat). The suffixes -kan and -i are often replaced by -in. E.g.: mencarikan becomes nyariin, menuruti becomes nurutin. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to Indonesian found in Jakarta and surrounding areas.
Writing system
Indonesian is written using the Latin alphabet. It is more phonetically consistent than many languageshe correspondence between sounds and their written forms is generally regular.
Consonants are represented in a way similar to Italian, although is always /t/ (like English ch), is always // ("hard") and represents /d/ as it does in English. In addition, y represents the palatal nasal //, g is used for the velar nasal // (which can occur word-initially), y for // (English h) and h for the voiceless velar fricative /x/. Both /e/ and // are represented with an .
One common source of confusion for foreign readers, particularly when reading place names, is the spelling changes in the language that have occurred since Indonesian independence. Commonly-used changes include:
Old
spelling
New
spelling
oe
u
tj
c
dj
j
j
y
nj
ny
sj
sy
ch
kh
The first of these changes (e to ) occurred around the time of independence in 1947; all of the others were a part of an officially-mandated spelling reform in 1972. Some of the old spellings (which were derived from Dutch orthography) do survive in proper names; for example, the name of a former president of the Indonesia is still sometimes written Soeharto, and the central Java city of Yogyakarta is sometimes written Jogjakarta.
Idioms and Proverbs
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Indonesian proverbs
Ada gula, Ada semut.
Lit. "Where there's sugar, there are ants". Equivalent to the modern English idiom "Where there's a will there's a relative". Where there is a good thing (sugar) there will be people taking advantage of it (ants). Indonesian idioms can be quite cynical.
See also
Indonesia portal
Languages of Indonesia
Language families and languages
Demographics of Indonesia
Indonesian slang language
Indonesian abbreviated words
Differences between Malay and Indonesian
List of English words of Indonesian origin
References
^ a b James Neil Sneddon. The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press, 2004. Page 14."
^ a b James Neil Sneddon. The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press, 2004. Page 16."
^ Barry Farber. How to Learn Any Language. New York: Citadel Press, 1991. Page 167-168, in "Farber's Language Reviews."
^ "Bahasa Indonesia: The Indonesian Language," George Quinn, Australian National University
^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. pp. 26. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
^ "Ethologue report for language code:ind". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ind. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
^ This is a research led by Prof. Dr. J.W. de Vries of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands
External links
Indonesian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Indonesian
Phrasebook for the Indonesian language from Wikitravel
Indonesia History
Learning Indonesian
kamus lengkap berbagai bahasa
Learning Indonesian on the Internet
Indonesia WWW Virtual Library
Bahasa Indonesia Dictionary
Learning Indonesian in 7 Days (SEAsite)
Ethnologue report for Indonesian
Indonesian-English Dictionary from kamus.net
Indonesian bilingual dictionaries
Toggletext Translation between English and Indonesian, using the Kataku system
Multilanguage Online Dictionary
Kenalkan- Let me introduce. Nama Saya- My name is. Ini- This is . Siapa nama Anda? What is your name? Siapa Itu? Who is that? Pak- Mr or Sir. Bu- Mrs or Madam.
Categories: Malayic languages | Languages of Indonesia | Indonesian language
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Learning new tricks can be daunting task especially for your pets without the basic training. There are people considering tricks to be impractical and useless. On another positive perspective, keeping your involvement in the learning process can be both fun and good bonding between the owner and pet.
Of the many different aspects of dog training, dog tricks can be great step forward for building rapport and communication. This approach offers many other reasons why tricks can benefit and be enjoyable to the dogs and owner. This allows the pet owner to better understand the temperament in your dog, but also can build up the discipline and behavior in the dogs. Most people have the misconception that dogs also can perform the basic trick for fetch, but the characteristics for each dog are different. The most notable thing that you can put together right is that most dogs can perform more tricks, while you will actually develop them and select the hundred of tricks for dogs to train. You can be assured of the result once they mastered the basic commands.
Put fun into the learning process. If we think learning can be boring and monotonous, because we are programmed to make things and training that way. Hard practice, repetitive actions may lose the charm on the dogs. Worse still, both dog and owner can get frustration while the dog behavior can take a drastic change. Owners fail to realize the important thing; with enjoyable and fun experience can keep dogs happy and interested. The owner altitude must remain positive and patient. Start off with simple commands for "3S"; Sit, Stand, Stay. Once the dog accomplishes the simple tasks, owner will have a different opinion and objectives. Most owners will feel proud of their achievement and more relax.
#1 - Starting young
Early development can be great training for your puppy. The truth holds well especially puppies are generally more hyperactive, full of energy and enthusiasm. They thus are more easily impressible, excited and looking to the owner to understand the new trick. Basically for an early development of your pet dog, always exercise patience and give ample time for the dog to learn. Rushing training to gather pace may backfire and cause injuries to the dog. Approach the training to begin as comfortable and fun to be. Training should be at a comfortable pace and should not be constraint by hard rules strictly bounded by repetitive commands. In the haste on learning to impress, the new exercise may cause fatigue and overstretch on the joints and muscles. The recovery may be slow but do look out for signs stress or even injuries. When the dog stops, it may be due to tiredness and soreness from the training.
#2 - Keep training simple and in stages.
Complexity is both confusing and frustrating. Owners must understand simple steps and stages can help a dog to learn better and faster. Progressive learning proves to be more beneficial. Focus and master each stage before moving on to new steps. Train specific tricks approximate 4 minutes while repeat regularly. Monitor the progress while keep in mind that each dog has a unique characteristics. If your dog is a fast leaner and doing fine, you can omit other stages. Improvise your training methods with unique hand signal.
#3 - Use positive reinforcement.
Take a positive and patient build up with your dog. Besides the training agenda, the other aim is ensure the dog listens to you through means of trust and rapport. This is a powerful and positive communication between both owner and dog. A positive reinforcement builds confidence in your dog. By relying on consistency, positive reinforcement and repetition can help to shape your dog in preparation for new tricks. Raising voice or excessive force can back fire on your cause to teaching tricks.
Keep your dog's distraction away. Prepare your dog in a suitable environment by means of a quiet and conducive makes them focus the attention on you as the owner. Throughout the whole learning process, make it a fun and fruitful experience without any extreme actions or loud verbal commands that warrant force on your dog. Track the performance and progress. At the very least, tricks will increase your control and improve your training skills and your relationship with your dog.
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