Learning to solve dog potty training problems is easy.. The main rule of thumb is that you have to stick with it. When you are potty training your dog at home you have to keep it consistent. That means that when you are potty training your dog you cant skip steps. You have to keep in mind that a dog thinks a certain way, and it isn't the same way that you and I think or learn.
The first step to take when trying to solve dog potty traning problems is understanding your dog. If your dog is actually a puppy, keep in mind that they have a limited amount of space in their bladder. Puppies are going to pee and poop on your floor, there is no way around it. Full grown dogs, on the other hand, can hold their waste a bit longer.
The second step when learning to solve dog potty training problems at home is remembering what YOU must do. Lets say, just for example, you work from 8 AM to 5 PM every day, and we will say you wake up at 6AM. When you wake up, take your dog out to do his business. Let your dog come in and eat while you are getting ready. Take your dog out again before you leave for work. Do you understand what I'm getting at? I'll explain better: Make sure you aren't leaving a loaded gun (or dog in this case) out in the open ( or locked inside your house). Make sense? Great!
The third step is clean up. Learning to solve dog potty training problems at home is exactly what it sounds like: AT HOME. Of course you are going to come home to a mess every so often. Big deal! That is what a dog does, while it would be nice if they didn't do that, remember that this is the reason you are reading this article. When you come home after work (or play..whatever it is) take your dog out immediately! While your dog is out, clean up the mess you came home to.
About the Author
The most important thing to remember is to stick with it. Treat your dog when he does something you want him to do. When he does his business out side, treat and praise him. Give him a good petting. You know the spot on your dogs neck that makes his leg shake right? Solving dog potty training problems at home isn't the worst thing in the world! If you need more help you can always check this site out. It will help you with all things dog! If you are trying to get through the most common dog house training problems I would suggest going here!
The Kramar Pet Company supplies all your dog care needs including products for:
Tethering: tethering and dog care go hand in hand- if you do not have appropriate tethering products then your dog is at risk of running away, running onto the road or become involved with confrontations with other dogs. Kramar has a large range of tethering products to ensure your dog is safe when out and about. Some of these include:
- the roadie – the dog seatbelt that are certified to human seatbelt standards
- car and walking harnesses – especially good for bigger, stronger dogs who are harder to restrain
- muzzles- they come in a variety of shapes and sizes to ensure comfort
- chains
- retractable leads
- collars – in a fantastic range of colours, patterns and materials
- and lots more
Training: this is a vital part in the development of a happy and healthy dog and should be a large element of your dog care routine. Training teaches your dog to act appropriately so that other people, other dogs and personal property does not get destroyed. Kramar’s extensive range of training products includes:
- pee pee pads to help teach your puppy
- training clickers
- containment and fencing systems
- remote training systems, and
- bark controllers
Grooming: your dog care routine should always include grooming to ensure your dog is knot free, healthy and happy. A shiny smooth coat shows a dog cared for, which makes for a dog that cares back. The grooming range of products supplied by Kramar includes:
- clippers
- blades
- brushes and combs
- clippers and scissors
Clothing: dressing your dog is not only a fashion statement but a way to keep small dogs warm during the colder months. If clothing is part of your dog car routine then Kramar’s selection will astound you. The variety of materials, styles, and sizes available ensures you will find something to suit your pooch.
Treats & Dental Hygiene: many people’s dog care routines forget to include dental hygiene. Why not combine a treat with dental hygiene by choosing one of the products from Kramar’ Chew N Kleen range. The range of rawhide chews are bound to tempt your pup.
Toys: mental stimulation, exercise and companionship are all elements of a happy, healthy, content dog and toys are an excellent way to gain these characteristics in your dogs. The people at Kramar understand what’s needed for good dog care, which is why their dog toy range is second to none. It includes:
- Cuddly Companions
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- Puppy Pals
- Doggy Dental
About the Author
If you love to spoil your dog then YOU will be spoilt for choice at Kramar. To see more of their dog products and dog accessories ranges and find your local stockists visit their website at www.kramar.com.au. Alternatively you can call them on Ph: 02 4648 8500 and one of their customer service people will be happy to answer your questions.
Basic Dog Training Tips Training a Dog to Obey
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If you have a dog or cat that is a homosexual, do you love them anyways if you believe it's an abomination
Don't tell me that they don't go gay, because I've seen it with my own two eyes, in dogs and cats behavior. My friend's chihuahuas were father and son and butt buddies, how sick is that? How can one of god's creatures do something like this if he doesn't like it. Do animals get free will to, and if so, do they get to go to heaven? Given a very intelligent answer, which is correct. Why is it O.K. for animals and not people? I am an atheist and am trying to get religious people who hate gays to re-think why they do. I am straight and married so, this is not about me, but the animals I've owned and those I've met.
I have to say, dogs and cats, they aren't gay.
Humans and Dolphins (or is it Whales) are the only beings that have intercourse for pleasure (or that's all that has been proved thus far). The purpose of intercourse for all other beings is to procreate, more little pups and kitties running around. The reason why dogs hump other dogs is to breed, or to show dominance. So, for instance, if your male dog is humping another male dog, he is telling him he is the alpha male...or he is retarded (like actually retarded, it can occur in dogs, in which case he does not know what hes doing). Female dogs will do the same thing, as will cats. They will also hump you to tell you they are boss, then you should have then at obediance school. And as far as licking another dog or what have you, its a way of showing affection, like you might kiss your mother. Sure you wouldn't lick her butt to show her you cared, but then again you wouldn't lick your own to clean it.
And just to be clear, I am only trying to correct your science here, not your cause.
Funny cat and Hungry Dog
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where is the best place to take my puppy for obedience training in Phoenix, AZ?
i have a a 5 week old puppy that itake to petco every 2 days in a week from 4-6 in the afternoon so he'll be trained in obeying sitting and tricks. it is working for 100$ a month. you can also use the ole newspaper trick to let some of his waste or urine get on it then he follows it around and uses it.
There are a lot of people who are interested in purchasing clicker training kits so they can train their pets on their own. A clicker has been proven as an effective way to train pets because several people have already used it. In addition, a clicker is being preferred as a dog training tool because it does not harm the pet. Rather, a clicker simply lets your pet know whether you approve of a certain behavior he exhibits.
Every time you see your dog doing a trait you approve of, you should click the clicker and give him a treat. This will let your pet know that he is doing something you approve of. One of the most important things you should prepare when you want to train your pet is that you should prepare lots of treats. When your pet follows your command, you should give him a treat.
The many clicker training kits that are available don't share a lot of tips that you need to know before you start training your pet. You have to remember that your pet will need to properly understand what you are trying to tell him as well as what you want from him. By doing so, you get to teach him what is right from wrong.
A good and responsible pet owner is someone who knows what's best for his pet. Think of your pet as a child that will need your time and attention. By giving him the training he needs, it is like you are sending him to school. It is every pet owner's responsibility to ensure that his pets get the training he needs.
If you do not want to spend a small fortune in having your dog trained by a professional, you can easily purchase one of the many clicker training pets that are available at almost any pet store. In doing so, you can easily get him to learn new things, especially the ones that you want from him. As a result, you can have a pet who is happy with his home. This is what a responsible pet owner should allow his pet to have.
The Correct & Effective Training for Dealing with Aggressive Dog Training - The Reasons That Lead to Aggression in Dogs
Having an aggressive dog as a pet is no fun at all. For one, the sweet, nice, obedient, well-trained pet that one looks to find in their pet dog, is shot to hell and it also makes it clear in the course of the training that a dog that has a lot of aggression in him makes for a very difficult target to train. Not only can you not train the dog effectively well but your entire set routine to train him or the decided goals of what you expected your pet to do are not fulfilled either.
In such a scenario, many of us will think of quitting and not going through the aggressive pet training at all. But that does not have to be the natural course of things. There are ways in which aggressive dogs training can be carried out and that is by using certain aggressive dog training tips. So, if you have an aggressive dog, training him will not be an easy task. Follow these pointers on aggressive dog training and you'll have your answers in no time.
Aggressive Dog Behavior
Before getting into aggressive dog training, it is important to know what causes aggression in dogs. This will help you understand your pet better and lead to better dog care. Some of the reasons that lead to aggression in dogs are:
Sometimes, the pet owner's behavior to the pet dog will lead to aggression. These behaviors include, constant chaining, excessively punished or poorly fed dogs.
Aggression can also come about as a reaction to other dogs and pets. This is because the dog wants to prove it's territorial rights and be recognized as the alpha male.
Being in an unfamiliar situation, surrounded by unknown people might lead to aggression in a dog.
Dog health could be one of the other reasons for why you would require training aggressive dogs. Suffering from a disease or being affected by an ailment might cause the dog to exhibit aggression as a result of the pain that he is experiencing.
Aggressive Dog Behavior Training
These were some of the reasons that could lead to aggression in a dog. Once you realize that your pet dog has aggression, you will need some methods of aggressive dog behavior training. Here are some of them:
Prevent Aggression It is possible to prevent the onset of aggression in your dog from early on. When the dog is new to your family, make sure that you introduce him to a lot of people and take him into different environments. This will train the dog to not show aggressive behavior traits when he meets new people or is taken into unfamiliar territories. So also touch him in a cuddling manner as often as you can. This will help the dog to become habituated to being handled.
Recognize Aggression A dog will exhibit aggression by exhibiting signs like barking, growling, barring his teeth. More subtle signs include - standing rooted to one spot, pinning its ears to the head, stiff body, a hard, long stare. These signs of aggression are given as a signal to tell others to 'back off'. Learn to recognize these signs in the dog.
Never Punish When a dog shows these signs of aggression, never ever punish him/her. That will only stop the dog from giving any signs and rather leading to a direct attack. Punishing a dog is not the correct way of dealing with aggressive dog training.
Stop the Biting Training a dog when he is a puppy is the best method of aggressive dog training. At this stage, when a puppy starts to administer dog bites on your hands or nips at your toes playfully, it can lead to the bites developing into something more aggressive. When this happens, use this method for employing effective dog obedience - After he bites you, be firm and say 'NO' loudly. Usually a pup will get the message. But if the biting still does not stop, then put him in a room and lock it for 30 seconds. This will make him realize that this behavior is not acceptable. So also, making the dog understand that you are the alpha leader and not him, is very very important. Conditioning Behavior A very popular method that is used in psychology is called the conditioning method. In this, you condition the mind to think in a particular direction. In aggressive dog training, it works this way - If you find that the aggressive behavior of the dog is caused due to territorial aggression and the other presence of dogs, use the same aggression to change his thinking. Associate that aggression towards other dogs to a positive thing. For example, whenever you find that there is dog barking, or dog fights or the dog lunges at other dogs, simply give him a treat. With every incident that this happens and you give him dog food in the form of a treat, he will start associating the presence of other dogs to being treated and the time will come when he will no longer bark at other dogs but simply expect a treat when other dogs come onto the scene, thus changing his dog behavior for the better. Reinforcing Good Behavior Whenever your dog follows an order or behaves according to the way in which he is trained, reward him. This will help to reinforce the good behavior and ensure continued good behavior.
Dog Training Class It is always a good idea to sign up a new puppy for a behavior training class. This is because , the trainers are professionals who can teach your dog the proper and right manner of behavior. The practice and bringing the behavior into practice can be done by you at home.
These were some of the aggressive dog training tips that you can use for effective training. Be assured that if you train your dog well, the returns of having a well trained, obedient and well behaved pet are incomparable. And will lend you many moments of happiness and stress busting activities.
Join hundreds of happy dog owners all over the world who have used Doggy Dan's Online Dog Trainer video systems to solve their dog's problems – often in just minutes,without force, fear,sprays,electric collars or shouting...
How to House Train Dogs | How to House Train Dog | Home Dog Training
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] How to be a Vet Tech in Ohio?
i think i want to be a vet tech but i have certain allergies to cats that so far no allergy medication has been able to help. can i still be a vet tech?
also can you become a vet tech through an online college? i saw a commercial saying you could get your associates as a vet tech. is that real or fake? I live in ohio. i think the school was like brown-mackie (sp?)
i've already worked as a kennel cleaner for a private vet clinic (cleaning, feeding, bathing and picking up after the boarded dogs. cleaning up after surgeries and the examination rooms. basically a lower paid vet tech) when i was in high school. all of that was on the job training though. do you have to be licensed to be a vet tech?
Call your state's board of education. They can tell you if you need a license to practice, and which programs are accredited to fulfill the requirements of that licensing program. Then you can contact the programs and ask if your allergies will handicap you too much to make the program not a feasible choice.
I don't believe you can get a vet tech degree online; too much of what you have to learn is physical technique that requires practice.
Good luck!
Sit Means Sit Dog Training - Northwest Ohio
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] How did you train your dog to use a doggy door?
We just bought & installed a doggy door for our two dogs. Both are over 2 years old, so this will be a new thing for them!! How did you train your dog to use a doggy door?
Sometimes, just encouraging the dog isn't enough. Some dogs belive the door is a wall, or are afraid of it. Tape it securely in the open position. Or fasten it in some other manner, just make sure it won't fall on your dogs when they go through. Once they go through it often, lower it about a quarter of the way. If this scares them at first, put a treat on the other side. Then lower it completely. If they don't go through and treats don't work, just show them it opens when they want to get through. this, combined with what you did before, will get most dogs to use the door.
Train Your Dog the Easy Way
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Dog Training's Most Important Step: Crate Training
A vital part of dog training is use of a crate, or kennel. It is most important to crate train puppies at a young age. Crate training satisfies a dogs need for a den-like enclosure. Dogs evolved from wolves, which have lived in packs and dens for hundreds of thousands of years. Having a crate taps into this desire that all dogs have inherited from their ancestors. On top of being good for the dog, it is also an effective housebreaking tool, and it helps to teach the dog that it is located at the bottom of the family pack hierarchy.
The best time to start crate training a dog is whenever they are puppies. A dog that is crated as a puppy is will be more comfortable in a crate later in life. This is useful when a dog has to travel in a confined space, such as a car.
When you first start crating a puppy, it is sometimes necessary to throw treats in the crate. Some puppies are naturally afraid of getting inside a crate. However, if they often find treats at the bottom, this fear will quickly go away. Be sure to praise and reward your puppy when it goes in the crate. You may also want to start crating for short periods of time until the puppy gets more used to being in such a small, confined space.
Along with treats, it is also important to have some type of toy or bone for a dog chew on. This will help to satisfy the dogs natural predatory instincts while it is in a crate. Bones and chew toys can also help to improve the dog's dental hygiene.
There are a few other things to keep in mind when putting a dog and a crate. Make sure that the crate has a sufficient water dispenser. You'll also want to make sure that a dog's collar is removed. If there are any loose hanging loops around a dogs neck that can get caught on the crate, it can cause a choking hazard. If a dog's collar gets caught on a crate, it can twist and turn and cause strangulation.
Crates are supposed to be a safe haven for a dog. They are there to help you keep control of your dog whenever you are unable to let him roam around the house, and they helkp to satisfy a dog's natural den instinct. For these reasons it is important to never use the crate as punishment.
Following these crating guidelines will help you along in your dog training path. But you should consult a more complete and thorough dog training resource, like the ones found at http://www.dogtrainerpro.info before taking your dog training any further.
Allen McDaniel is an experienced dog trainer and studier of dog behavior.
dog training- how to purse train / crate train a dog
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Timid dog- I have a German Shepherd, she is very timid PLEASE HELP. x?
My dog is lovely with the family and very affectionate, she has been away on a 3 week residential training course, she has come back but we cant really see many improvements, she is aggresive towards humans and dogs that she is not familiar with, we watch the dog whisperer and have picked up techniques which are helping e.g- not looking her in the eye, this seems to be working, but does anyone have any more advice?
Yep. Don't send your dog away for training, as *you* need to know how to handle the dog as well.
The dog may be genetically "shy", or have socialization problems. Your best resource is your vet, who can give you trainer recommendations.
If it is a genetic issue, then there is no fixing it, only controlling it. If it is a socialization issue, it's not too late to turn your dog around, but you need the help of a great trainer. Good luck.
Residential dog training - www.canisfidelis.co.uk - London
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A border collie needs various things to become healthy and happy - one of which is border collie training. As owner or possible owner, you are probably aware of this breed's history, temperament, energy level and intelligence. If you don't know anything about this breed known for their herding instinct, then it's about time you grab some dog books, check out the web or better yet, ask a breed specialist to give you important border collie information.
First of all, understand that the border collie is not the same as chihuahua, maltese, shih tzu and other small dog breeds. Sitting in your lap while you are watching television isn't an ideal activity for this breed. Having such energy and strong need to work, they'd be happy in a household that could provide them with lots of opportunities to work and exercise. But work does not necessarily mean they must herd livestock or scare off unwanted wild birds in public areas. Any activity that resembles work and can expend their energy helps.
But despite of their intelligence, keep in mind that border collie training ought to start as early as possible. Early training is essential because it influences the dog's ability to develop social relationship in the days ahead. You wouldn't want a timid or aggressive dog with high energy, right? Hence better socialize Max before he starts to develop bad habits that are hard to break.
While training is one of the most effective ways to have a well-behaved dog, there's one thing it can't do - that is to prevent a dog from herding. With herding instinct as potent as theirs, teaching them not to herd can only frustrate you since it can be impossible to break the habit no matter how good the trainer or the border collie training approach is. A border collie will herd anything including people if they see the need to do so. Rather than training your pet, the best method to sort this issue is to avoid encounters that can trigger the instinct. Other members of the family, particularly children should be aware about this too.
The border collies make great household pets only if you are able to provide the exercise and training this breed needs. If you are too busy to even walk your pet at least half an hour a day, you better consider other dog breeds that are less active.
A Bark Collar is a safe, effective and humane way to train your dog not to bark too much. Clinical studies conducted by the College of Veterinary medicine of Cornell University have proven that Spray Bark Collars are TWICE as effective as shock collars! Sonic dog barking collars are virtually ineffective compared to spray.
About the Author
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PetSafe Little Dog Remote Trainer Overview - www.petsafe.net
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Dog Trainer in Cincinnati?
We have have a havanese 3 year old male and he hates dogs and i was chatting with a dog trainer in London on email and she said are dog does not like dogs because he fells like a person and if he gets trained and spend about 3 hours a week he will be fine so where can i take him to be trained and dod you think i should get alone training or together with other dogs?where is the best to take him in mount washington or anderson
Whoaaa! I see a name copier!
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What should I do if I want to crate train my dog but my dog is scared of the cage?
I really want to crate train my shiba inu puppy that is 6 months (we got her at 6 months also) and i put a quilt and a couple of pillows to make the cage comfy and i also put her favorite treats and toys in there. but whenever i put her inside, she would run away as if she's scared of the cage.
what should i do?
Take it slowly - and NEVER force her inside of the cage - that will only reinforce her fear. You're doing good by putting her favorite things in there - just leave the door open and wait for her to go inside. When she does, make sure you praise the heck out of her. When she goes in willingly, you can close the door behind her - but only for a few minutes at a time. Gradually increase the time she is in it, and always praise her when she is in the crate and being a good girl. Eventually she will get used to it - I have always found having it covered is more comfortable for the dogs - it's more "den like" and easier for them to quiet down. I cover 3 sides & leave the door side open. They also prefer to be near the family, so make sure you don't isolate them while they're in the crate - have it in the familyroom or another area of the house where they can see and hear what's going on.
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...through backyard fence?
no, i would thank them for fixing my dog ...
B's Dog Training: Training a very aggressive dog
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Train Your Dog Not To Bark-Top 5 Tips On How To Train Your Dog Not To Bark
Most often than not dog owners are forced to look up answers on how to train your dog not to bark. Dogs just love to bark. For dogs barking is a natural form of communication, and a means to express their feelings. Its only when dogs bark excessively, it becomes a big nuisance for dog owners and their neighbors.
Barking is simply annoying, and can affect everyone in the household, as well as visitors and neighbors. Excessive barking can also be the reason of some behavioral or emotional problems. No matter how serious dog barking issue may seems like, with proper training it can be dramatically reduced.
1 – Use a clear squirt gun to squirt some water on your dog when he is barking.
2 – When he is barking, throw something near him (example-keys) that will make a noise loud enough to distract him from barking.
3 – Let your dog know that you do not approve or expect the behavior that is being displayed by him. Make eye contact with him and firmly say "No" to your dog, but make sure you do not shout at him. Because if your do, you are likely to increase his excitement levels and cause him to bark even more.
4 – Whenever you dog shows bad behavior, do not reward him. For example, if your dog is barking excessively and you give him food, he is going to take the food as a reward for the behavior that he showed and keep on barking thinking about barking as the desired behavior.
5 – Reward your dog at the correct time. If your dog is barking and on your command he stops barking, make sure you reward his good behavior by either giving him a treat or by gently caressing him and saying "good dog". If you reward your dog after he has obeyed your commands, you will help in getting the message across that you just don't like his barking habits.
The key thing to remember when training your dog not to bark is to have a lot of patience and compassion. When trying to learn how to train your dog not to bark, a good dog training course can be very useful. You will want to look for the one that includes a free consultation with an experienced dog trainer.
Gun Dog Training "Whoa" Part 2 German Shorthair Poionter Willow Creek Kennels
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Dogs are the most loved and faithful pets, occupying an important place in people’s lives and families. Humans enjoy having dogs around them, regardless of the reason that they have a dog for: protection or companionship. Due to the fact that they are excellent friends, dogs deserve to be properly taken care of.
Most people decide to train their dogs from an early age in order to make sure that the pets won’t cause them any problems. Some dog owners choose to go to a dog trainer who knows his business while others prefer dog training collars. Remote dog training collars, Small dog training collars and electronic dog training collars are only some of the types of training collars that you can choose from.
Remote dog training collars seem to have created several misconceptions and as a consequence people have hesitations when using them. Some people believe that these training collars are cruel and inefficient devices, but this is not true at all. Remote dog training collars are very efficient and easy to use, being very efficient training devices. The electric stimulation that is applied by the collar is not hurtful and painful, as many people believe. The purpose of this collar is not to torture the dog, but to manage to communicate with him.
Remote dog training collars will enable you to correct the behavioral problems of your dog in a short period of time. All remote collars contain a remote transmitter, a collar receiver and collar probes, having different intensity levels. These collars are meant to reinforce the learned behavior of your dog and to correct undesired behaviors, such as incessant barking in an effective manner.
Whether you have a puppy or a big dog, the training collars represent the best solution to train your pets. Small dog training collars are recommended in the case of puppies, since training collars represent the most popular training devices. However, puppies should have at least six months before being trained by means of training collars. Small dog training collars have a significant benefic importance since it is important to train our dogs from an early age.
Dog trainers will tell you what sort of training equipment suits your puppy best. Small dog training collars will teach your puppy to become aware of his limits, while a clicker will teach your pet to obey orders by means of positive reinforcement. These two training devices can even be combined. Small dog training collars and remote dog training collars will be efficient as long as you use them properly. These collars are meant to guide your pet, to discourage disobedient behavior and not to hurt him. However, some collars may hurt your dog if they are the wrong size or if used inappropriately.
There are a couple of things that you should take into consideration when purchasing a training collar: talk to a dog trainer who can recommend you an efficient collar, take your dog to an obedience class, consult a sales specialist who knows how to advise you and take into account the size of your dog. These aspects will help you make a right decision and choose a collar that is best for your dog.
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Dog training for obedience is a continuous process. Dog obedience training for obedience is basically a program that requires active involvement of both the owner and the dog. The whole dog training teaches them how to communicate with each other effectively. In case you do not know, dog training for obedience is vital to building a strong and close relationship with your dog. To achieve that, house training your dog is the most effective and quickest way to accelerate the dog training for obedience of your dog.
Proper dog training for obedience is built on the principle of proper and strict reinforcement of discipline. Dogs are naturally social creatures and are able to live in packs. As such, they are not loners and they are inclined to conform to social hierarchy or authority within the pack of dogs. Likewise, because of this, they are ready to listen and obey your commands. But dog obedience training is effective and easier for you if you know what you are doing. Otherwise, a lot of times, your dog training efforts become futile and counter-productive.
One common goal in dog training for obedience is to train your dog to respond to your command willingly and quickly every time you issue it. Dog obedience training is basically communication between you and your dog so that your dog understands how you want it to respond to you. At times, you will realize that training your dog is more about training yourself the owner. This is because your attitude, patience and effort towards dog training for obedience are so critical to the training success. One more tip for you is that dog training for obedience is an ongoing process.
The ideal dog obedience training method is using a consistent reward and punishment system as dogs respond well towards this especially when they are young puppies. Dog obedience training starts first with sit and come training. Make sure that it pays attention to your commands and not get distracted. Your dog needs to know that you are serious about the training and command. Do not merely threaten to punish it. Carry it out consistently so that he/she senses you are serious about the dog training session. The same goes for rewarding your dog for executing each command. Other basic dog obedience training techniques include training your dog to stay and keep down.
Dog training for obedience of course includes other more advanced commands such as off leash training. You will find a fair bit of information online. On top of these, you can find a good dog obedience training school for your pet. But be sure to use only Certified Pet Dog Trainers as they are professionally trained to handle most dogs.
Dog training for obedience is something you should begin from the very day your pet dog arrives at your doorstep. It is not something you can procrastinate or delay as your dog would quickly form its habits. It can become difficult down the road to change and correct any dog behavior problems like excessive barking, chewing etc as they stay longer at your home. Remember that dog obedience training is an excellent way of communicating and building friendship with your best friend. It also ensures he/she is under control and safe for the whole family.
Dog training for obedience need not be tedious and challenging. Find out more useful tips through the recommended websites at my dog obedience training website.
About the Author
Davion is a successful author and dog lover. Learn the special 4 - day dog obedience training system which any dog owner can use to stop dog behavioral problems at Train-A-Dog-In-4Days.Etc-Now.com and make your dog as obedient as a little puppy.
Practice Police k9 dog obedience during bitework (Episode 3)
Legit: Do you support "Alpha Role" training methods, or Positive Reinforcment using treats.
I think this is the kind of PSYCHO I would run far and fast from if it showed up at my house to look at puppies.
Obviously reputable breeders have already weeded her out.
She would not make it past my breeders phone interview.
I have had nut jobs like this many times over the last several decades looking for horses . They want Black Beuty, Mr. Ed, Trigger and Secretariat all in one horse and all for a cheap price.
The kind of person who puts a ranting ad like that on a site like Kiiji is the kind of person that would only cause problems if someone made the poor choice to do business with her.
LG: I do not believe in bribing my dog with treats to train it, chances are I will not have a grocery store or treats with me at the time I really need to get my dog to obey, and then I have a dog named speed bump. There are other ways of positive reinforcement but the bunny huggers only think that means food. I use a training method that gives out praise and corrections. Corrections only after the dog is given reasonable time and practice to know what is expected of it.
Calgary Dog Trainer Testimonial Video.mpg
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The definitions of alcoholism and related terminology vary significantly between the medical community, treatment programs, and the general public.
Medical definitions
The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and The American Society of Addiction Medicine define alcoholism as "a primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking." The DSM-IV (the dominant diagnostic manual in psychiatry and psychology) defines alcohol abuse as repeated use despite recurrent adverse consequences. It further defines alcohol dependence as alcohol abuse combined with tolerance, withdrawal, and an uncontrollable drive to drink. (See DSM diagnosis below.) Within psychology and psychiatry, alcoholism is the popular term for alcohol dependence.
Terminology
Many terms are applied to a drinker's relationship with alcohol. Use, misuse, heavy use, abuse, addiction, and dependence are all common labels used to describe drinking habits, but the actual meaning of these words can vary greatly depending upon the context in which they are used. Even within the medical field, the definition can vary between areas of specialization. Because alcoholism is often used in a derogatory sense in politics and religion, the meanings of the words surrounding it are often used imprecisely.
Use refers to simple use of a substance. An individual who drinks any alcoholic beverage is using alcohol. Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use refers to improper use of alcohol which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker.
Moderate Use is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic beverages per day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage per day for women.
Risk factors
About 40 percent of those who begin drinking alcohol before age 14 develop alcohol dependence, whereas only 10 percent of those who did not begin drinking until 20 years or older developed an alcohol problem in later life, although it should be born in mind that Correlation does not imply causation. Alcohol abuse during adolescence may lead to long-term changes in the brain which leaves them at increased risk of alcoholism in later years; genetic factors also influence age of onset of alcohol abuse and risk of alcoholism.
The age of onset of drinking as well as genetic factors are associated with an increased risk of the development of alcoholism. Individuals who have a pre-existing vulnerability to alcoholism are also more likely to begin drinking earlier than average. The risk taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking. Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol related neurotoxicity. Genetic traits which influence the risk of the development of alcoholism are associated with a family history of alcoholism. One published article has found that alcohol use at an early age may itself directly influence the risk of developing alcoholism via influencing the expression of genes which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. It has been hypothesized that this increased risk may be due to the highly sensitive developing adolescent brain which leads to modulating of the genetic state of the brain which in turn primes the adolescent for increased risk of alcohol dependence. About 40 percent of alcoholics were drinking excessively by late adolescence. Most alcoholics develop alcoholism during adolescence or young adulthood. Severe childhood trauma is also associated with an increased risk of alcohol or other drug problems. There is evidence that a complex mixture of genetic factors as well as environmental factors, e.g. stressful childhood events, influence the risk of the development of alcoholism. Genes which influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism. Good peer and family support is associated with a reduced risk of alcoholism developing.
Signs and symptoms
Effects of long term alcohol misuse
Main article: Long-term effects of alcohol
Most significant of the possible long-term effects of ethanol. Additionally, in pregnant women, it causes fetal alcohol syndrome.
The primary effect of alcoholism is to encourage the sufferer to drink at times and in amounts that are damaging to physical health. The secondary damage caused by an inability to control one's drinking manifests in many ways. Alcoholism also has significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends. Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health causing psychiatric disorders to develop. Approximately 18 percent of alcoholics commit suicide. Research has found that over fifty percent of all suicides are associated with alcohol or drug dependence. In adolescents the figure is higher with alcohol or drug misuse playing a role in up to 70 percent of suicides.
Physical health effects
The physical health effects associated with alcohol consumption may include cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, increased chance of cancer, nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and death from many sources. Severe cognitive problems are not uncommon in alcoholics. Approximately 10% of all dementia cases are alcohol related making alcohol the 2nd leading cause of dementia. Other adverse effects on physical health include an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, malabsorption, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from sustained alcohol consumption.
Mental health effects
Long term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health effects. Alcohol misuse is not only toxic to the body but also to brain function and thus psychological well being can be adversely affected by the long-term effects of misuse. Psychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics, especially anxiety and depression disorders, with as many as 25% of alcoholics presenting with severe psychiatric disturbances. Typically these psychiatric symptoms caused by alcohol misuse initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal but with abstinence these psychiatric symptoms typically gradually improve or disappear altogether. Psychosis, confusion and organic brain syndrome may be induced by chronic alcohol abuse which can lead to a misdiagnosis of major mental health disorders such as schizophrenia. Panic disorder can develop as a direct result of long term alcohol misuse. Panic disorder can also worsen or occur as part of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Chronic alcohol misuse can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen an underlying panic disorder via distortion of the neurochemical system in the brain.
The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among those with comorbid occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that are secondary to the pharmacological or toxic effects of heavy alcohol use and remit with abstinence, and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence. Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression in alcoholics. Depressive episodes with an onset prior to heavy drinking or those that continue in the absence of heavy drinking are typically referred to as "independent" episodes, whereas those that appear to be etiologically related to heavy drinking are termed "substance-induced". There is a high rate of suicide in chronic alcoholics with the risk of suicide increasing the longer a person drinks. The reasons believed to cause the increased risk of suicide in alcoholics include the long-term abuse of alcohol causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry as well as the social isolation which is common in alcoholics. Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol abuse.
Social effects
The social problems arising from alcoholism can be massive and are caused in part due to the serious pathological changes induced in the brain from prolonged alcohol misuse and partly because of the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is also associated with increased risks of committing criminal offences including child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, burglaries and assaults. Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems including the loss of living quarters. Drinking at inappropriate times, and behavior caused by reduced judgment, can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortious behavior. An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly impact those surrounding them and lead to isolation fromfamily and friends, possibly leading to marital conflict and divorce, or contributing to domestic violence. This can contribute to a loss of self-esteem and even lead to jail. Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic's children, even after they reach adulthood.
Alcohol withdrawal
Main article: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal differs significantly from most other drugs in that it can be directly fatal. For example it is extremely rare for heroin withdrawal to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal they typically have serious underlying health problems which are made worse by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic, however, who has no serious health issues, has a significant risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if it is not properly managed. Sedative-hypnotic drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines which have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol (which is also a sedative-hypnotic) also have a similar risk of causing death during withdrawal.
Alcohol's primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the GABAA receptor, promoting central nervous system depression. With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol, these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number, resulting in tolerance and physical dependence. Thus when alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the person's nervous system suffers from uncontrolled synapse firing. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure.
Acute withdrawal symptoms tend to subside after one to three weeks. Less severe symptoms (e.g. insomnia and anxiety, anhedonia) may continue as part of a post withdrawal syndrome gradually improving with abstinence for a year or more. Withdrawal symptoms begin to subside as the body and central nervous system makes adaptations to reverse tolerance and restore GABA function towards normal. Other neurotransmitter systems are involved, especially glutamate and NMDA.
Diagnosis
Multiple tools are available to those wishing to conduct screening for alcoholism. Identification involves an objective assessment regarding the damage that imbibing alcohol does to the drinker's life compared with the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholic's life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that can be difficult to classify.
Addiction Medicine specialists have extensive training with respect to diagnosing and treating patients with alcoholism.
Screening
Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly self reports in questionnaire form. Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use.
The CAGE questionnaire, named for its four questions, is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor's office.
Two "yes" responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions:
Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking?
Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?
Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?
The CAGE questionnaire, has demonstrated a high effectiveness in detecting alcohol related problems; however, it has limitations in people with less severe alcohol related problems, white women and college students.
The Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the CAGE test. It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use.
The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol-related offenses, driving under the influence being the most common.
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization. This test is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, it uses a simple set of questions - a high score earning a deeper investigation.
The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) was designed to screen for alcohol related problems amongst those attending Accident and Emergency departments. It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time.
Genetic predisposition testing
Psychiatric geneticists John I. Nurnberger, Jr., and Laura Jean Bierut suggest that alcoholism does not have a single causencluding geneticut that genes do play an important role "by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with one another and with an individual's life experiences to produce protection or susceptibility." They also report that fewer than a dozen alcoholism-related genes have been identified, but that more likely await discovery.
At least one genetic test exists for an allele that is correlated to alcoholism and opiate addiction. Human dopamine receptor genes have a detectable variation referred to as the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism. Those who possess the A1 allele (variation) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin releasing drugs like alcohol. Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts, it is not by itself an adequate predictor of alcoholism, and some researchers argue that evidence for DRD2 is contradictory.
DSM diagnosis
The DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence represents one approach to the definition of alcoholism. In part this is to assist in the development of research protocols in which findings can be compared with one another. According to the DSM-IV, an alcohol dependence diagnosis is:
...maladaptive alcohol use with clinically significant impairment as manifested by at least three of the following within any one-year period: tolerance; withdrawal; taken in greater amounts or over longer time course than intended; desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use; great deal of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from use; social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced; continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological sequelae.
Urine and blood tests
There are reliable tests for the actual use of alcohol, one common test being that of blood alcohol content (BAC). These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from non-alcoholics; however, long-term heavy drinking does have a few recognizable effects on the body, including:
Macrocytosis (enlarged MCV)1
Elevated GGT
Moderate elevation of AST and ALT and an AST: ALT ratio of 2:1.
High carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT)
However, none of these blood tests for biological markers are as sensitive as screening questionaires.
Prevention
Because alcohol use disorders are perceived as impacting society as a whole, World Health Organization, the European Union and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism.
To combat the health, social and educational underachievement which results from alcohol or drug dependence targeting adolescents and young adults is regarded as an important step to reduce the harm of alcohol abuse. The age at which licit drugs of abuse such as alcohol can be purchased as well as banning or restricting advertising of alcohol has been recommended. Credible and evidence based educational drives in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol and other drug abuse has also been recommended. Guidelines for parents on alcohol and drug use during adolescence and targeting young people with mental health problems has also been suggested to prevent the harm of alcohol and other drug abuse.
Management
Treatments for alcoholism (antidipsotropic) are quite varied because there are multiple perspectives for the condition itself. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments than, for instance, those who approach the condition as one of social choice.
Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue their alcohol intake, followed up with life training and/or social support in order to help them resist a return to alcohol use. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed in order to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this kind of treatment is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. The treatment community for alcoholism typically supports an abstinence-based zero tolerance approach; however, there are some who promote a harm-reduction approach as well.
Effectiveness
When considering the effectiveness of treatment options, one must consider the success rate based on those who enter a program, not just those who complete it. Since completion of a program is the qualification for success, success among those who complete a program is generally near 100%. It is also important to consider not just the rate of those reaching treatment goals but the rate of those relapsing. Results should also be compared to the roughly 5% rate at which people will quit on their own. A year after completing a rehab program, about a third of alcoholics are sober, an additional 40 percent are substantially improved but still drink heavily on occasion, and a quarter have completely relapsed.
Detoxification
Main article: Alcohol detoxification
Alcohol detoxification or 'detox' for alcoholics is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to prevent alcohol withdrawal.
Detoxification treats the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. After detox is complete, relapse is likely without further treatment. These rehabilitations (or 'rehabs') may take place in an inpatient or outpatient setting.
Group therapy and psychotherapy
A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous.
After detoxification, various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as provide relapse prevention skills.
The mutual-help group-counseling approach is one of the most common ways of helping alcoholics maintain sobriety. Many organizations have been formed to provide this service. Alcoholics Anonymous was the first group, and has more members than all other programs combined. Some of the others include LifeRing Secular Recovery, Rational Recovery, SMART Recovery, and Women For Sobriety.
Rationing and moderation
Rationing and moderation programs such as Moderation Management and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most alcoholics are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 U.S. study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency. A follow-up study, using the same subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001-2002, examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004-2005. The study found abstinence from alcohol was the most stable form of remission for recovering alcoholics. A long-term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men concluded that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence."
Medications
A variety of medications may be prescribed as part of treatment for alcoholism.
Medications currently in use
Antabuse (disulfiram) prevents the elimination of acetaldehyde, a chemical the body produces when breaking down ethanol. Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many hangover symptoms from alcohol use. The overall effect is severe discomfort when alcohol is ingested: an extremely fast-acting and long-lasting uncomfortable hangover. This discourages an alcoholic from drinking in significant amounts while they take the medicine. A recent 9-year study found that incorporation of supervised disulfiram and a related compound carbamide into a comprehensive treatment program resulted in an abstinence rate of over 50%.
Temposil (calcium carbimide) works in the same way as Antabuse, but is weaker and safer[citation needed].
Naltrexone is a competitive antagonist for opioid receptors, effectively blocking our ability to use endorphins and opiates. Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins, hence when naltrexone is in the body drinkers no longer get any pleasure from consuming alcohol. Naltrexone is used in two very different forms of treatment. The first treatment uses naltrexone to decrease cravings for alcohol and encourage abstinence. The other treatment, called pharmacological extinction, combines naltrexone with normal drinking habits in order to reverse the endorphin conditioning that causes alcohol addiction. This results in a reduced desire to drink that persists after naltrexone use is discontinued, as long as the patient always takes naltrexone before drinking.
Naltrexone comes in two forms. Oral naltrexone (originally but no longer available as the brand ReVia) is a pill that must be taken one hour before drinking to be effective. Vivitrol is a time-release formulation that is injected in the buttocks once a month.
Acamprosate (also known as Campral) is thought to stabilize the chemical balance of the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this drug in 2004, saying "While its mechanism of action is not fully understood, Campral is thought to act on the brain pathways related to alcohol abuse... Campral proved superior to placebo in maintaining abstinence for a short period of time..." The COMBINE study was unable to demonstrate efficacy for Acamprosate.
Experimental Medications
Many experimental medications are presently in clinical trials for the treatment of alcoholism. Promising results have been obtained with anticonvulsant drugs usually used to treat epilepsy.
Topiramate (brand name Topamax), a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. In one study heavy drinkers were six times more likely to remain abstinent for a month if they took the medication, even in small doses. In another study, those who received topiramate had fewer heavy drinking days, fewer drinks per day and more days of continuous abstinence than those who received the placebo. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid function. A 2008 review of the effectiness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, however at this time, data are insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first-line agent for alcohol dependence.
Medications which may worsen outcome
Benzodiazepines, whilst useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, if used long-term cause a worse outcome in alcoholism. Alcoholics on chronic benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines. This class of drugs are commonly prescribed to alcoholics for insomnia or anxiety management. Initiating prescriptions of Benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapse after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Patients often mistakenly think that they are sober despite continuing to take benzodiazepines. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be withdrawn rapidly, taper regimes of 612 months have been found to be the most successful, with reduced intensity of withdrawal.
Dual addictions
The AMA definition of alcoholism refers to a disease entity involving the compulsive use of alcohol despite social, physical and mental harm.[citation needed]. The DSM-IV definition of alcohol dependence refers to alcohol only, and DSM-IV uses sedative dependence to refer to the disease entity involving non-alcohol sedative agents.[citation needed]
Alcoholics may also require treatment for other psychotropic drug addictions. The most common dual addiction in alcohol dependence is a benzodiazepine dependence with studies showing 10 - 20% of alcohol dependent individuals having problems of dependence and/or misuse problems of benzodiazepines. Alcohol itself is a sedative-hypnotic and is cross-tolerant with other sedative-hypnotics such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and the nonbenzodiazepines. Dependence on other sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone as well as opiates and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics. Dependence and withdrawal from sedative hypnotics, eg benzodiazepine withdrawal is similar to alcohol and can be medically severe and include the risk of psychosis and seizures if not managed properly. Benzodiazepine dependency requires careful reduction in dosage to avoid a serious benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and health consequences. Benzodiazepines have the problem of increasing cravings for alcohol in problem alcohol consumers. Benzodiazepines also increase the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers.
Epidemiology
Disability-adjusted life year for alcohol use disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
no data less than 50 50-150 150-250 250-350 350-450 450-550 550-650 650-750 750-850 850-950 950-1050 more than 1050
Total recorded yearly alcohol per capita consumption (15+), in litres of pure alcohol
Substance use disorders are a major public health problem facing many countries. "The most common substance of abuse/dependence in patients presenting for treatment is alcohol." In the United Kingdom, the number of 'dependent drinkers' was calculated as over 2.8 million in 2001. The World Health Organization estimates that about 140 million people throughout the world suffer from alcohol dependence. In the United States and western Europe 10 to 20% of men and 5 to 10% of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria for alcoholism.
Within the medical and scientific communities, there is broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and states that "drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and developmental factors (e.g., stage of brain maturity)."
Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50-60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% for environmental influences.
A 2002 study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism surveyed a group of 4,422 adults meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence and found that after one year, some met the authors' criteria for low-risk drinking, even though only 25.5% of the group received any treatment, with the breakdown as follows:
25% still dependent
27.3% in partial remission (some symptoms persist)
11.8% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases chances of relapse)
35.9% fully recovered made up of 17.7% low-risk drinkers plus 18.2% abstainers.
In contrast, however, the results of a long term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men by George Vaillant at Harvard Medical School indicated that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence." Vaillant also noted that "return-to-controlled drinking, as reported in short-term studies, is often a mirage."
History
Etymology
1904 advertisement describing alcoholism as a disease.
The term "alcoholism" was first used in 1849 by the Swedish physician Magnus Huss to describe the systematic adverse effects of alcohol.
In the United States, use of the word "alcoholism" was largely popularized by the founding and growth of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935[citation needed]. AA's basic text, known as the "Big Book," describes alcoholism as an illness that involves a physical allergy:p.xxviii and a mental obsession.:p.23 Note that the definition of "allergy" used in this context is not the same as used in modern medicine. . The doctor and addiction specialist Dr. William D. Silkworth M.D. writes on behalf of AA that Alcoholics suffer from a "(physical) craving beyond mental control".
A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern disease theory of alcoholism. Jellinek's definition restricted the use of the word "alcoholism" to those showing a particular natural history. The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised numerous times since then. The American Medical Association currently uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease.
A minority opinion within the field, notably advocated by Herbert Fingarette and Stanton Peele, argue against the existence of alcoholism as a disease. Critics of the disease model tend to use the term "heavy drinking" when discussing the negative effects of alcohol consumption.
Society and culture
The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs, and secondary treatment costs. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for head injuries, motor vehicle accidents, violence, and assaults. Beyond money, there is also the pain and suffering of the individuals besides the alcoholic affected. For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to Fetal alcohol syndrome, an incurable and damaging condition.
Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from one to six per cent of a country's GDP. One Australian estimate pegged alcohol's social costs at 24 per cent of all drug abuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol's share was 41 per cent.
A study quantified the cost to the UK of all forms of alcohol misuse as 18.520 billion annually (2001 figures).
Stereotypes
Depiction of a wino or town drunk
Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The 'town drunk' is a stock character in Western popular culture.
Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on racism or xenophobia, as in the depiction of the Irish as heavy drinkers.
Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America.
Alcohol-related crime
See also: Drug-related crime
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (July 2009)
Of the adult US population, at least 75% are drinkers; and about 6% of the total group are alcoholics. In groups which are almost 100% drinkers, the alcoholism rate is about 8%. Many reports state that about 73% of felonies are alcohol-related. One survey shows that in about 67% of child-beating cases, 41% of forcible rape cases, 80% of wife-battering, 72% of stabbings, and 83% of homicides, either the attacker or the victim or both had been drinking."
In film and literature
In modern times, the recovery movement has led to more realistic depictions of problems that stem from heavy alcohol use. Authors such as Charles R. Jackson and Charles Bukowski describe their own alcohol addiction in their writings. The disjointed narrative of Patrick Hamilton's Hangover Square reflects the alcoholism of its central character. A famous depiction of alcoholism, and the psychology of an alcoholic, is in Malcolm Lowry's widely acclaimed novel Under the Volcano, which details the final day of the British consul Geoffrey Firmin on the Day of the Dead in 1939 Mexico and his choice to continue his extreme alcohol consumption instead of returning to the wife he loves.
Films like Bad Santa, Barfly, Days of Wine and Roses, Ironweed, My Name Is Bill W., Withnail and I, Arthur, Leaving Las Vegas, When a Man Loves a Woman, Shattered Spirits and The Lost Weekend chronicle similar stories of alcoholism.
Women and alcoholism
Alcoholism has a higher prevalence among men, though in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased. It is important to articulate the different biological and social ways alcoholism manifests in women in order to understand barriers to treatment and effective recovery strategies.
William Hogarth's Gin Lane, 1751.
Biological differences and physiological effects
Biologically, women have symptom profiles from their alcohol use that differ in important ways from men. They experience a telescoping of physiological effects from alcohol use. Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). This can be attributed to many reasons, the main being that women have less body water than men. A given amount of alcohol, therefore becomes more highly concentrated in a woman's body. Besides this fact, women also become more intoxicated, which is due to different hormone release.
Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do alcoholic men. Additionally, women have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage and an increased risk for breast cancer (see alcohol and breast cancer). Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation, decreased ovarian mass, irregular menses, amenorrhea, luteal phase dysfunction, and early menopause.
Psychological and emotional effects
Psychiatric disorders are generally more prevalent among those with alcohol disorders. This is true for both men and women, however the disorders differ depending on gender. Women who have alcohol-use disorders often have co-occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as major depression, anxiety, panic disorder, bulimia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder. Men with alcohol-use disorders more often have co-occurring diagnosis of narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, impulse disorders and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.
Women with alcoholism are also more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault, abuse and domestic violence than those in the general population. This trauma can lead to higher instances of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and a greater dependence on alcohol.
Societal barriers to treatment
Attitudes and social stereotypes about women and alcohol can create barriers to the detection and treatment of female alcohol abusers. Such beliefs stigmatize women who drink by characterizing them as "both generally and sexually immoral" or the "fallen women." Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they are suffering from a medical condition, to hide their drinking, and to drink alone. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know is an alcoholic.
In contrast, attitudes and social stereotypes about men and alcohol can lower barriers to the detection and treatment of male alcohol abusers. Such beliefs reward men who drink by characterizing them as "both generally and sexually moral" or the "risen men." Reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are suffering from a medical condition, to publicly display their drinking, and to drink in groups. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is an alcoholic. Women also tend to have a greater fear that the negative implications from the stigma will reflect poorly on their families. This may also keep them from seeking help.
Implications for treatment
Research has indicated a lack of adequate training for practitioners both in problematic alcohol use in general, and in relation to women's issues. The complexity of alcohol use disorders, particularly with gender-related issues, indicates that the need for practitioners' knowledge, insight and compassion is enormous. Better education and awareness surrounding the gender implications of alcoholism will help care providers to adequately treat women who suffer from alcoholism. Early intervention will also increase the probability of recovery.
See also
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alcoholism
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alcoholism
Alcohol consumption and health
Alcoholism in family systems
Alcohol dementia
Alcohol-related traffic crashes
Alcohol tolerance
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcoholic lung disease
Binge drinking
List of countries by alcohol consumption
Alcohol intoxication
E. Morton Jellinek
Ethanol Metabolism biochemical discussion of alcohol metabolism
Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Hangover
List of deaths through alcohol
Substance abuse
Self-medication
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Willingway Hospital
Medical diagnostics to test for alcohol use
Blood alcohol content
Full blood count
Liver function tests
Al-Anon and Alateen: support groups for friends and families affected by alcoholism
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